Continuous I In Managing Health And Safety, Along With Quality And Environmental Considerations

Presentation Associations today, notwithstanding guaranteeing consumer loyalty and steadfastness, should likewise show to its more extensive partners a corporate methodology which underscores social, natural and wellbeing and security concerns. It ought to show promise to consistent improvement in the administration of the wellbeing and security, and workplace of their representatives; and should consider the natural effect of the business tasks and its effect upon the networks and society. A business’s activity in term of what it produces ought to likewise be mindful, consequently enactment concerning ‘health and security at work, natural insurance and restricting the utilization of substances hazardous’ have been set up. Government and other administrative bodies for example, Health and Safety Executive (HSE) and the Environment Agency (EA), have additionally been set up to guarantee requirement of these guidelines. Partner desires concerning the associations corporate obligation in regard to the above lawful necessities has developed as of late and furthermore joins factors, for example, corporate picture, the notoriety of the association and upper hand. Various administration measures including ‘ISO 9001 (1994), ISO 14001 (1996) and OHSAS 18001’ are set up to manage these prerequisites. Every one of the principles diagrams the prerequisites for the board frameworks to empower associations to control or dispense with its wellbeing and security and ecological dangers and to ceaselessly improve its exhibition and the nature of its item, administrations and activities. The move towards a reconciliation methodology for an organization’s the executives frameworks has to a great extent emerged on account of Stakeholders’ desires for persistent improvement, progressively severe enactment and more prominent market requests (Griffiths, 2000). This article talks about how an association can improve its presentation regarding wellbeing and security, and ecological and social effect by receiving a complete quality administration system. It will additionally talk about how the all out quality administration framework ought to incorporate the previously mentioned quality principles to execute a coordinated administration framework. Significance of Integrating Health/Safety, Environment and Social Concerns in Business Operations The advantages of a viable corporate system in improving wellbeing and security measures, and natural and social effect incorporate an improved money related execution and turnover for an association. Furthermore, it can improve an organization’s relations with its outside partners including financial specialists and network, which can along these lines make better open doors for it to get to capital (Scheme, 2012). Thirdly, such a methodology is useful for representative relations and can empower a great corporate culture (Scheme, 2012). Persistent improvement can likewise upgrade hazard the executives capacities or an association. In conclusion, it could encourage more grounded relations with lawful controllers (Scheme, 2012). One reason that make a corporate methodology with wellbeing, security, social and ecological worries at its center significant for a business’s execution is the developing predominance of web based life (Truist, 2012). Such a corporate system can enable an organization to make a positive picture (Truist, 2012). Additionally, such a procedure can empower an association to connect with its crowd/clients in manners past its items or administrations (Truist, 2012). Another advantage of such a corporate methodology is, that it cultivates a positive relationship of an association with governments (Truist, 2012). Organizations who consistently improve their activity and in this manner have a positive social recognition are better situated to adapt up to government controllers (Truist, 2012). Then again, an association can be confronted with an awful open picture which can have critical effect on its money related and business execution on the off chance that it neglects to address th ese administration issues. It has gotten significant for associations to actualize and authorize with quality, wellbeing and security frameworks and natural because of the expanding pressure from their interior and different outside partners. These incorporate governments and administrative bodies, nearby networks, clients, laborers, and providers and colleagues. Be that as it may, associations require significant measure of assets to execute and keep up of such frameworks or to make changes to existing ones. This may have an immediate effect on the main concern of the business partnerships. Accreditation with quality principles and procuring confirmations can acquire weighty expenses. On the off chance that in-house ability isn't accessible numerous organizations may require the administrations of outer experts to help them in clinging to such quality principles. These expenses, for some, little or medium measured organizations can in this way be restrictive. Regardless of this, associations need to confront the requests of their different partners to guarantee a positive commitment with them. These issues extraordinarily influence what firms choose and what they do. Ceaseless improvement to the total consumer loyalty suggests that business organizations should focus on a point where they meet the necessities of value regarding condition and wellbeing measures notwithstanding item and administration quality. It tends to be investigated here that sticking to excellent gauges has better result in long haul and along these lines quality doesn't acquire extra expenses. Philip Crosby bolsters this view in his work named as Quality is Free (1979). The book turned a light on for a significant number of its perusers. The book battled that as opposed to the regular recognition, quality doesn't add any expenses to an item. Without a doubt including quality is an equal the initial investment recommendation in any event and profoundly beneficial at its best since quality consistently pays off over the long haul (Crosby 1979). During the 1970s and 1980s when Crosby proposed this conflict, corporate techniques were for the most part centered around undertakings, for example, accomplishing proficiency in assembling or improving deals. Corporate supervisors for the most part had low need for quality related issues and comparatively needed involvement with such issues. This whole period was commonly defa ced by carelessness of value. In any case, quality in its different structures has become a necessary piece of the current associations and a significant corporate plan because of the exceptionally serious business condition and expanded social mindfulness. Clients these days are making a decision about brands increasingly more dependent on ‘how’ these have been sources and created (De Oliveira Matias and Coleho, 2002). This has suggestions for a wide exhibit of elements that influence the general nature of different business forms. These incorporate the nature of the merchandise/administrations and business capacities, and the generally these activities as far as condition, laborers wellbeing and security and moral gauges. The developing impact of these components is a move away from simply financial maintainability towards monetary, social and ecological manageability. There is commonly more mindfulness with respect to how business elements treat the earth and laborers. In above and beyond, an enormous portion of the customers are accepting these elements as benchmarks for making a decision about the nature of products/administration delivered by companies (Schema, 2012). With the developing ubiquity of such more extensiv e understandings of value norms, organizations are required to incorporate quality related administration frameworks (and related affirmations) in their corporate methodology. The executives Systems Adherence to Quality Management Systems (QMS, for example, ISO 9001 and ISO 9004 can be considered as a beginning stage for improving quality. This would then be able to be stretched out to frameworks identified with nature, social duty and word related wellbeing and security through frameworks, for example, ISO 14001 and additionally EMAS, SA 8000, and OHSAS 18001 separately. Adherence to these measures can be joined by the advancement of the model of value through a move from basic quality control framework towards a Total Quality Management (TQM) approach (Matias and Coelho 2002). TQM,† is an integrative way of thinking of the board for constantly improving the nature of items and processes† (Ahire, 1997). This way of thinking is pointed towards persistent improvement in all processes.Total Quality ManagementTQM framework was advanced by Dr. W. Edwards (Deming 1986). He suggested that by receiving proper acts of the executives, organizations can improve quality while d iminishing expenses (because of the lessening in squander, adjust, staff steady loss and case). As per him, so as to build quality and decrease costs all the while, organizations would need to rehearse nonstop improvement and consider fabricating as a framework as opposed to odds and ends (Reilly 1994). Deming proposed 14 focuses as a system for change of associations from the current style of Western administration to an all out quality culture. These focuses can frame standards for persistent advancement in different business angles including wellbeing and security, and social and ecological obligation. The focuses don't establish much as an activity plan however all the more a philosophical code for the executives. These fourteen focuses are: â€Å"Create steadiness of direction. Receive the new way of thinking. Stop reliance on assessment to accomplish quality End the act of granting business based on sticker price. Improve continually Institute preparing at work. Establishment initiative Drive out dread Break down hindrances between offices Eliminate mottos, appeals, and focuses for the work power requesting zero deformities Eliminate work guidelines, Substitute administration Eliminate the board by objective. Substitute administration. Evacuate hindrances that burglarize the specialist of his entitlement to pride of workmanship. Establishment an incredible program of training and personal growth. Set everyone in the organization to work to accompli

Mesopotamian and Egyptian Imperial Systems, 3000-1100 BC essays

Mesopotamian and Egyptian Imperial Systems, 3000-1100 BC papers Mesopotamia and Egypt were the primary civic establishments, rising somewhere in the range of 3500 and 3000 BC. Despite the fact that their areas contrast, Mesopotamia significance between the waterways, being situated between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, and the Egyptian human progress living in the Valley of the Nile River, the two civic establishments share much for all intents and purpose. Both having a solid subject of religion in their regular day to day existences, they share a solid normal faith in a higher force, just as the topic of battle for endurance and of being vanquished, and an energy for information and insight. The two developments anyway vary in difficulties and goals to issues introduced by their area and individuals. Both Mesopotamia and Egypt were polytheistic human advancements that accept that the genuine rulers were Gods. Mesopotamia was first settled by Sumerians which constructed the primary city-states, later forming and venturing into new urban communities which, during the Early Dynastic Period (2800-2350 BC), were administered by the Gods, just humanly spoke to by prosperous families. Despite the fact that Gods were undisputedly the most noteworthy of rulers, the improvement of Earthly force was rising. Around 2800 BC the Council of Elders took power, destined to be supplanted by a lugal, or huge man, and afterward an ensi, lord or sovereign, a hundred or so years after the fact. These individuals spoke to the Gods, to the natural eye-they were the Gods. The close to pick up power was the warrior-rulers of Mesopotamia, in particular Enmebaragesi of Kish and Agga, and Gilgamesh. Their objectives were to address mishandles and debilitate dangers to control. Egypt was a lot faster at makin g a bound together realm, as right on time as ~3100 BC. Their way of life, a blend of African and west Asian, brought upon an impact of musings and thoughts to Egypt. Their disconnection likewise assisted with diminishing assaults and intrusions for just about 1500 years. The Egyptian human progress was known for its various leveled power, comparable in structure of a pyramid. At the top was the ph... <!

100+ Resources To Download Excellent Free Fonts

100+ Resources To Download Excellent Free Fonts Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!100+ Resources To Download Excellent Free FontsUpdated On 07/10/2019Author : Narendran.MTopic : ResourcesShort URL : https://hbb.me/2CHmbD9 CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogIn this article I mentioned 100+ resources where everyone can download excellent free fonts. Fonts plays a major part in day to day life, it is the key element in the process of web and poster designing. Different types of fonts gives a true different life to the text we type. You can use these excellent collection of fonts for web or print design. 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12 angry men-1997 Free Essay Example, 1250 words

Section/# Group Roles and the Means of Decision Making in the Film â€Å"12 Angry Men† Although one might be tempted to understand the representations of decision-making in the movie â€Å"12 Angry Men† is merely a plot device, the fact of the matter is that it is indicative for many of the flawed means by which individuals integrate with information and make decisions on a daily basis. As a function of seeking to determine these faulty decision-making mechanisms, the following analysis will seek to provide evidence of four biases and errors in decision-making. Secondly an analysis and discussion into the presence of groupthink, group shift, transformational leadership, transactional leadership, maintenance roles, and task roles will be defined and elaborated upon. It is hope of this author that such an analysis will be able to closely integrate with the reader a better understanding of decision-making processes in the means by which the aforementioned terms integrate with these decision-making processes within the scope of the movie. Firstly with regards to the four errors were biases in decision-making that are represented throughout the course of the film, these can be understood as indicated by the presence of racism, anger, stereotypes, and a faulty understanding of past action indicating future likelihood. We will write a custom essay sample on 12 angry men-1997 or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Naturally, stereotyping plays a major and defining role with regards to the means by which the jurors come to an understanding of guilt within the case in question. This stereotyping has been related later in this analysis due to the fact that it is influenced both by anger and racism which is been presented and discussed previously.

The Sincere Hero And His Comedic Predicament - 936 Words

The Sincere Hero and His Comedic Predicament The epic poem, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, presents the typical medieval hero going on a ridiculous quest. Gawain exemplifies the five principles of chivalry as he addresses each challenge on his journey, making him a true hero. However, the tale places this serious hero in an absurd situation, illustrating the comical elements the poem holds as well. The measure of an honorable hero in medieval romances is his ability to follow the chivalric code. Five characteristics are typically named when describing this code: friendship, fraternity, purity, politeness, and pity. In this poem, the correlating traits are listed when the author describes the symbol on Sir Gawain’s armor. A piece of the sacred knot is said to represent several sets of items and â€Å"Of the fifth group of five he [Gawain] honoured constantly/ The first four were generosity, good fellowship,/ Cleanness, and courtesy, uncurbed and unimpaired;/ Lastly compassio n, surpassing all† (651). Throughout his quest, Gawain demonstrates his devotion to chivalry by following each of these values, even when they may seem to contradict. The classic hero’s tale is dominated by three major challenges, the first of which is initiated by an intruder in the home. When King Arthur’s court is confronted by the mysterious green knight, Sir Gawain begins his adventure by humbly asking for it. He says to Arthur, â€Å"‘ I am the weakest and the least in wit;/ Loss of my life is therefore

Regarded As A Person Just As Death Poverty â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Regarded As A Person Just As Death Poverty? Answer: Introducation In poverty the narrator uses different stylistic devices like the personification of the huaya tree is regarded as a person just as death and poverty. The story in poverty is an illustration of the plight of poor which is evident with the old man begging on the streets. The poverty stricken in the society is always united by the challenges that they face. The poor in the society get used to their living conditions in that death is not scary to them (Milton). The old lady lived a lonely life but even when the lord of death visited her she is not ready to die. She clearly thinks of the swiftest way to avoid her death. The lord of death, on the other hand, is friendly and open to the old lady. He is able to communicate with poverty without any warning but rather reality. The psychology of death proves to be reckless and greedy by opting to quickly rush to the ripe fruits (Pacheco). It should be noted that it was their first interaction yet he seemed to be convinced; that the old womans intentions were pure. Furthermore, the angel of death can be characterized as confident by climbing to the topmost point of the tree. The origin of poverty is evident in the world today just compared to this tale. The old man begging on the street is the harsh reality of the contemporary society. Another interesting topic is humanity which was portrayed by the old woman (Wakami). Despite the being ignored by the passers by the old woman poverty sees the sense of treating him in a humane way. Furthermore, the act of the woman is well appreciated by the old man who gifts her which her heartfelt wish. The cause of poverty in poverty is the old woman is a loner who has no friends at all. This is a common tendency amongst the poor who are neglected by the community. Everyone that picks up the fruit is not concerned by the woman, who is the sole owner. Moreover, accounting in the society are exploited by those who are in the higher position to utilize resources. When the fruits from the huaya tree are picked a food it clearly leads to food scarcity to the old woman (Dulal). Another cause of poverty is demonstrated by the angel of death saying; the old woman poverty took time to let him down from the tree. This indicates that the lord of death had an uphill task of dealing with poverty. It is no doubt that poverty stricken community will not hesitate to steal what is not theirs. For instance, a community that is well stocked with food will not exploit the old womans fruits. In the challenges facing the poor, it should be noted that they steal property from each other. In poverty the narrator demonstrates the desperate measures that the voiceless in the society take to prevent what is duly theirs. The old man was so devastated that she opts to do anything possible to protect her livelihood tree. References Dulal, Hari Bansha.Poverty Reduction In A Changing Climate. Lexington Books, 2013. Print. Milton, Cynthia E.The Many management Of Poverty. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2007. Print. Pacheco, Mara. "Poverty - Words Without Borders."Words Without Borders. N.p., 2017. Business Web. 25 Sept. 2017. Wakami. "Social Consciousness And Rural Communities - Wakami."Wakami. N.p., 2017. Web. 25 Sept. 2017.

Motivation and Commitment for the Social Work Profession Essay Example

Motivation and Commitment for the Social Work Profession Essay Motivation and Commitment for the Social Work Profession As I reminisce back upon my life there are many experiences and factors that have affected and shaped who I am today. If you examine Nature vs. Nurture, Ive always concluded that human expression is not just black and white, there is a definite grey area where both nature (genetics) and nurture (environment) combine. For example, childhood experiences or family dynamics can either make or break you as a person depending on whether you allow negative experiences or less than ideal environments to detrimentally affect the way in which you view the world. You can prevail forward or stay with the natural human tendency to digress in the past but you decide how long you want that period of digression to be. My immediate family growing up was my father, stepmother, mother, and my twin brothers. My parents divorced when I was two. My mother was severely depressed; because of this I did not see her again until I was eight years old. I dont remember a lot from when I was young but I do recall my brothers and I visiting our mother under supervision in a playroom of a human services building. She explained to us that she was better and could soon keep us every other weekend. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Commitment for the Social Work Profession specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Commitment for the Social Work Profession specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Commitment for the Social Work Profession specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer My mother was better for a while but the depression came in cycles, sometimes she was up and other times she was down. My twin brothers were born mentally challenged on the mild spectrum. As I watched my mother and brothers struggle with trials and tribulations of life, I realized how much I enjoy helping others cope with the obstacles and barriers that can come with life, with or without a disability that brings life into another realm. Which is how I came to work with several different companies serving various populations such as, mentally challenged, mentally ill, physically disabled and Traumatic Brain Injury. My interest in social work and psychology began as a teenager in my first psychology class my freshman year in high school. I was fascinated with how the brain works and what influences and shapes the human mind. I told my parents at this time my dream of becoming a therapist. As a teenager I always wanted to give support and give advice to my friends. I wanted to help others through their challenges. We all face challenges in life, we all have to face fear at one time or another, every challenge and fear is a chance to gain courage or strength you never knew you had inside you. I began pursuing my bachelors degree at the age of twenty one. I attended school, work, and at the same time held up the role of single motherhood. It was testing and exhausting at times but the feeling of accomplishment at the end was well worth it. After receiving my degree I knew eventually I would want to climb further up the education ladder when I was ready. I wanted a break to gain more work experience serving others. This year I decided was the right time to look into a masters degree program. I was fond of the multidimensional contexts mentioned in the Advanced Generalist Concentration description for the second year. It is important to learn the different levels and aspects of cultures and the influences thereof, in order to better understand and empathize with the individuals you serve as a social worker. My future career goals after I complete the program: I hope to work in a clinic or resource center for individuals with HIV and work towards further prevention and education to the public. I am going to obtain a minor in Drug and Alcohol Counseling so I can better serve this population. After gaining some work experience to broaden my perspective and knowledge, I hope to open my own therapy practice in order to help others through their challenges and succeed in life. 2) A Social Issue of Concern A social issue of concern for me is the stigmatizing of individuals with HIV in society. As the HIV/AIDS epidemic marks its thirtieth year, you can state a lot has changed since 1981 when what was thought of as the gay plague which had symptoms similar to pneumonia and Kaposis Sarcoma, such as, fever, fatigue, rash, swollen lymph nodes, and sore throat. Although many individuals experience no symptoms at all, feel, and appear healthy for several years. A few years later this would come to be known as HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). Now thirty years later society, professionals, and doctors know more about HIV transmission, treatment, and prevention. Society may know more but do they know enough to keep ignorance and stigma at bay? A recent survey performed by the Kaiser Family Foundation shows substantial shares of Americans continue to express discomfort at the idea of interacting with people living with HIV. For example 45% say theyd be uncomfortable having their food prepared by someone who is HIV-positive, 36% with having an HIV roommate, 29% having their child in a classroom with an HIV-positive teacher, and 18 percent working with someone who is HIV-positive. One statistic that does show some promise in decreasing stigma and ignorance within society is the share stating theyd be very comfortable working with someone who has HIV increased from about a third in 1997 to roughly half in 2011. (www. kff. org/kaiserpolls[-gt;0]) Unfortunately other results show the public is still ignorant about modes of transmission of HIV. The KFF survey also shows that over the past twenty years, roughly one in four Americans have continued to either believe that one can get HIV from a drinking glass, or remain unsure whether it is the case. What do these statistics tell about stigma and ignorance within the general public? It says that potentially stigmatizing and discriminating attitudes still persist. There are a few factors that I believe led to this outcome, 1) The public is not being educated enough in the schools, television, and doctors offices and hospitals are prime places where we can get the information out there. ) More doctors are suggesting HIV tests for non-elderly, 29% but so far it doesnt translate into an increase in reports of actually getting an HIV test. About one in five non-elderly adults say they have been tested for HIV in the past 12 months which is a percentage that has held steady since 1997. 3) The information about how HIV is contracted and testing routes/sites needs to get out not to ju st high-risk population but to the general population as well. Although society discriminates, HIV itself does not discriminate. (statistics obtained from: www. kff. rg/kaiserpolls) 1. Society Response When speaking of HIV in general, people get defensive and uncomfortable. This is where peer advocacy at testing sites, community education sites, and in the clinics/hospitals is vital because those living with HIV can share their stories and show others the different types of people that contract HIV. So a face can be put with the virus, show others that you cant tell who has HIV by looking at someone. Also, a belief that comes into play is that if you talk about sex, even safe sex, that people will be encouraged to have more of it. In reality the opposite rings true. The more that educators and hospital professionals talk about safe sex and STDs, the more comfortable others are talking with their sex partners on the subject. The more you know about a topic, the more confident you feel to discuss it with others. 3) Personal Strengths, Skills, Knowledge, Qualities and Limitations Ive always had an altruistic personality, compassion for others, ability to empathize with external and internal human struggles. In high school I enjoyed giving advice and being the sympathetic ear to my friends. Growing older, I enjoyed listening to and talking with mature adults at work with every day contact I gained more knowledge about their life experience. I was always fascinated when discussing the way they handled their trials and tribulations. I always had a thirst for knowledge whether it is the spoken words of others, reading books, enjoying new experiences, or researching online. Some professionals who receive vast education, or are in their chosen profession for a long time, come to believe they have learned it all. They get stuck in a rut like doctors treating numbers, not treating the patient. I dont believe I will ever get to that place in my career. At the start and at the end of the day, you need to remember your purpose for yourself and for others. Its innate for all of us to need human experience, to be loved and accepted, to feel needed, to make others happy. In summary, a thirst for human knowledge, an understanding that society and people are forever changing, the ability to empathize with others, and the human experience in general, is what makes an effective social worker. One of my limitations is that I often underestimate myself. Because of that I put limitations on myself that dont need to be there. I let fear of success get in the way of success. However, Ive come to realize this and I do my best to strive further and not give up. There are always obstacles in life whether it is emotional, physical, or environmental. One must learn to get around them, work with them, or run right through them. 4) Ethics and Values My personal values are seen in the work I have chosen to do throughout my life. Ive worked with the mentally challenged, mentally ill, and physically challenged individuals for many years. I believe no matter what the differences and limitations are, we as human beings all deserve respect, dignity, and the same opportunities that all Americans are provided. The right to vote, obtain an education, right to work, to serve in the community, have resources available, and to live and experience life to its fullest; are rights and privileges we all have. Some do not realize how in the past those that differ from the norm have had to fight and struggle for these rights, many had to experience anguish, despair, and isolation when institutionalization was standard and no rights were given to these individuals. In 1955 the institutions were slowly shutdown for the most part and deinstitutionalization became the standard. The mentally challenged, physically disabled and mentally ill were more accepted and integrated into the community, the educational system, into paid work and vocational positions, the government and state provided adaptions so they could gain access to the community and use their rights. There is always more work to do. The general public has little concept of how significant the population of disabled individuals is, more educating to the public needs to be put into place on how prevalent physical, intellectual, and mental disorders are, for example, the CDC reported 1 in 110 children in the United States have an Autism spectrum disorder, 13% of children have a developmental disability and the last count in 1993 the CDC found 1. 5 million children and adults ages 6-64 had intellectual disabilities. As a social worker one will work with people from all walks of life, characters, belief systems, religion, culture, race, and value systems. Also depending on these factors, the issues individuals deal with in their day to day lives will vary. You have to put your ego and your own beliefs that may be different from theirs aside and take your profession seriously, but dont take yourself too seriously. Put the person youre serving first and remember the service youre providing, whatever your field may be. People will come in with conflicting beliefs, religions, and backgrounds, but unless you have walked in their shoes its not for you to judge or change their mind. However, you are required to report incidents such as, abuse, homicidal and suicidal intentions (if there is a plan set out). You are there to offer help with resources and advice on the use of those resources available to the individual. 5) Meaningful Volunteer and/or Work experience For the year of 2007 I worked for Quality Living Inc. in Omaha, Nebraska, this is a rehab facility specializing in TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury) and Spinal Cord Injury. Never having worked with this population, it was an eye opening experience to see several people go from living an independent life, to losing the ability to walk or go to the bathroom, losing the ability to speak, process thoughts, control of their muscles, having to relearn everything and not fully gain back certain skills. Also teaching and helping struggling families gain skills to cope and work with their loved ones as well. One tough situation among many was a family with a seventeen year old daughter who was ran over by a vehicle at night; she had a TBI and was in a comma. I watched the family by her side and praying for her to wake up every day. This hit close to my heart because I have a daughter as well and I thought to myself how heartbroken I would be if that happened to her. You are reminded of how valuable life is and how important the moments are that you spend with those you love. I had never assisted people who were in such extensive need of various services. The individuals attended physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and relearning everyday living skills to gain back the skills they lost. I didnt know the need for this service was so extensive. There are few facilities like it which specialize in TBI and SCI. There are rehabilitation hospitals who offer similar therapies and resources but not to this extent and not as individualized. The creator of Quality Living was one person and a community of families with loved ones who have TBI and/or Spinal Cord Injury who werent getting the services they desperately needed. Working with the individuals and those who work for them, reminded me of the power and perseverance of the human spirit to overcome any obstacle. ) Cultural Diversity Experience a. I have some experience working with diverse cultures. I worked as a nursing assistant in various facilities, nursing homes, group homes, and hospitals, assisting with personal care and daily living. Working with the elderly you see how people come from different backgrounds and how it affects who they are today. You also see how dementia and Alzheimers affects the brain and physi cal function. As I went over before, I worked with individuals with physical and mental disabilities; I still do to this day. I gained a lot of patience and understanding from this work. You come across various behaviors that can be aggressive, violent, emotional, and this will challenge you emotionally and intellectually as well. This will also at times drain you physically and emotionally. At the end of the day you get these reminders: a friendship gained, a smile, a thank you, an apology, a new experience, being able to teach someone and help someone. You see youve made a difference despite the difficult days that come and go. b. I have not had professional experience working with many different ethnicities and/or nationalities. However, I have had personal experience with friendships and co-workers of various national origins such as, Africa, Persia, Mexico, India, Ecuador, Haiti, Columbia, France, Portugal and Britain. I myself love learning about different cultures, their views, beliefs, traditions, history, and food of course, its all very fascinating to me. c. I am most comfortable working with those my age or between 20-40 years of age because I can more easily relate and be at the same level maturity and intellect. I also am comfortable with those who have disabilities and mental illnesses, having professional and personal experience with this population I am more apt to see the person, not just their disability. d. After careful thought there is not a population I am uncomfortable working with. 7. ) Social Support and Financial Plan I plan on applying for school loans and scholarships. As well as meeting with the financial assistance and scholarship offices. Currently my husband and I are looking into starting a non-profit shelter for female veterans out of our home. We have already begun contacting individuals within The National Veterans Wellness and Healing Center which host retreats for veteran couples and also works constantly on assisting veterans with obtaining the resources that are available to them. While I am at school and doing work credit hours my husband will take care of the business, along with our business partners we will also hire extra people to assist us with running the business. I am very excited about this endeavor and feel my further education with New Mexico State would contribute a great deal to this and future endeavors. [-gt;0] http://www. kff. org/kaiserpolls

Leakey Richard essays

Leakey Richard essays Richard Leakey was born December 19, 1944 in Nairobi, Kenya. His parents were the esteemed anthropologists Louis and Mary Leakey. Richard first became a tour guide in Kenya, but changed his mind when he found an extinct human jaw. He then schooled himself by completing a two-year secondary education program in six months. From 1967-77 he and his co-workers dug up around 400 fossils, that accounted for 230 individuals. The most important discovery was an almost complete skull found in 1977, which Richard believe to be a new species called Homo habilis. Richard Leakeys accomplishments are discovering the crania of Australopithecus boisei in 1969 with the archaeologist Glynn Isaac on the East shores of Lake Turkana, Homo habilis in 1972, and Homo erectus in1975. He was appointed administrative director in 1968 of the National Museum of Kenya, and in director 1974. Since 1989 he has been director of the Wildlife and Conservation Management Service, Kenya. His publications include Origins in 1977 and The Making of Mankind in 1981, both with Roger Lewin. Australopithecus africanus inhabited the earth roughly 3 - 1.6 million years ago. The characteristic difference between the Ausrtalopithicus afarenis and africanus is the height and brain capacity. The height of the africanus is 1.4 m and the brain capacity is approximately 400 - 600 cc. Smaller incisor teeth and a slightly flatter face are also noted. The afarensis has a height of 1.2 m and a cranial capacity of 380 - 450 cc. Sticks, and stones were most likely used to gather food by the Australopithecus africanus. Homo habilis (also known as "handy man") is theorized to have lived with Australopithecus africanus. Homo habilis was known as handy man because he used primative stone tools. The flat face and large molars of the Homo habilis resemble the Australopithecus lineage. The brain size of the Homo habilis is about 700 cc w ...

Social Research & Think Tank Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Research & Think Tank - Essay Example any organizations cooperate in a network to accomplish the development of projects whose objectives fostering social research in order to improve the efficiency of a diverse range of organizations. The Work Foundation is a non-profit organization that brings the different perspectives of working organizations together to find the best way of improving both economic performance and quality of life (Theworkfoundation, 2008). Think Tanks take advantage of the services provided by The Work Foundation to provide them with networking capabilities in different locations around the world. The purpose of the Institute and Policy Research is to establish international and domestic policies for different aspects of societal issues such as women’s right, protection for the disabled and national policies to fight world hunger. The establishment of policies is important since they provide guidelines to establish ways to solve social problems. A third important organization that can help the work perform by a social researcher in Think Tank is the Freedom Foundation. The primary goal of the Freedom Foundation is to solve three particular social problems: alcoholism, drug addiction and the fight against AIDS (Thefreedomfoundation, 2008). An aspiring to become a social researcher or somebody already in the game must understand that social research can extend to different social dimension in order to find the root of the problem. Cooperation is essential in social research since the investigator needs the assistance of other entities in order to obtain the data and information needed to create a qualitative or quantitative model to effectively attack a particular social dilemma. The Think Tank operations around the world can become more effective if its networking capabilities are expand by utilizing social research to establish the key alliances needed to obtain greater sources of databases with key social information that can be used to further investigated social areas in

Interracial dating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interracial dating - Essay Example There has been an increase in the number of interracial relationships and marriages, as people from different races interact freely and form great friendships. More than five decades ago, interracial dating was unconstitutional, especially concerning the relationships between black people and white people. This was due to racism, segregation and the fact that some people held some primitive notions that insinuated that black and white people were biologically incompatible. They thought that interracial dating and marriages would lead to interbreeding, therefore, blemishing their pure race. In the modern day society, globalization has forced people to travel to new places, experience new cultures and interact with new ethnicities. This has led to a steady increase in interracial dating (Alderman 4). Even though many stereotypes concerning interracial dating continue to exist, there is a lot of significance in the practice, as this essay will demonstrate. Firstly, interracial dating plays an important role in bringing different ethnic groups together. In my opinion, interracial dating is significant in increasing cohesion between rival ethnic groups. Take the example of African Americans and the Caucasians people. African Americans had been segregated and treated unfairly in the past. They had to deal with many atrocities committed against them during the slavery era. When they got their freedom, they decided to narrow down the pre-existing knowledge gap in the education field and occupational fields. Many years later, African Americans have been able to work and school with the Caucasians. Although many African Americans feel that they are not presented with equal opportunities as their Caucasian counterparts, a significant number of Black people have dropped the excuses and competed effectively in every educational and occupational field. As a result, they have worked and interacted with Caucasian colleagues and sometimes developed intimate relationships.

Dialectics in Oryx and Crake Essay Example for Free

Dialectics in Oryx and Crake Essay Canadian author Margaret Atwood’s novel Oryx and Crake, is about an anti-utopian society that chronicles the collapse of civilization and corrupt medical practice. The town’s morals are highly questionable, in that the majority of the citizens approve of gene splicing, transgenic animals, like mixing a dog’s genetic code with a wolf, and transplanting animal organs in human beings. The book poses a question of what is truly ethical in medical practice? This story has an immediate correlation to the island of Dr.   Moreau, by H. G. Wells, in which a mad scientist creates a dysfunctional society of genetically spliced transgenic animals as well. Like The Island of Dr. Moreau, Margaret Atwood relies on dialectical elements. Dialectic is a classical philosophy originated by the Greeks that depended on the furthering of society through thesis and antithesis. In modern day it has developed between most scholastics as a fine art of persuasion. It is ever present in Oryx and Crake through the dialectics produced through Crake’s insanity. His main dialectical argument is that society has become morally bankrupt and is due for a change and Crake claims intellectual right over all of man kind. His views are presented as deliriously radical, but there is irony in the fact that the University that Crake attends is named Asperger’s U. A term used to describe people who are usually extremely intelligent and often very eccentric, it be could argued that Atwood hints to imply Crake may be the correct one after all, and that the rest of society is wrong. This virtually tyrannical takeover of both the world and the lives of Oryx and Snowman are done entirely through aggressive persuasion. In the formation of Crake, Atwood creates an insanely ranting lunatic, with whom in the end the reader has no choice but to sympathize. The dialectic argument that is posed here is that the dye is cast. Atwood, acknowledges that our society’s morals tread a fine line from damnation, and she writes a novel that puts us one step over that line. The reader has no choice but to sympathize with Crakes’ actions because he is a product of an unbearable world, not too distant from our own. The novel itself, poses a persuasive argument to the reader, in that all of the occurrences in the plot are rationally plausible. There are scenes in the novel where the two men, Crake and Snowman, are attending college together and enjoying their favorite pastimes. These hobbies include, watching nudie news, live executions, and child pornography. In the beginning moments of the lives of the two main characters, the reader views a demoralized world, in which it appears even the plot’s hero is desensitized to the plight of his society. The ironic and reasonable argument posed is that all of these things they are doing, we can do today in our society. At the same time, child pornography, nude news, and live executions online are all either frowned upon and remotely new to our society. Atwood presents the enjoyment of these practices like they are common occurrences. The same goes for gene splicing. It is widely debated as an immoral and illegal act, but it is reasonable enough to think that with the passing of time eventually a law can be passed to legalize both gene splicing and child pornography. This would inadvertently make the use and distribution of these practice more heavily abundant in society and change the moral makeup of the people as a whole. A third persuasive argument the novel poses, and this is more from a perspective of female empowerment, is the idea of polyandry. It is historically a man’s fantasy and an empowering element for the man, while degrading to the woman, for a man to have two wives. Atwood poses the exact opposing scenario in this novel. On one end the idea of polyandry is implied through the relationships both Snowman and Crake have with Oryx. It is directly inferred to in that the Crakers only breed when they are polyandrous. This like most of the novel is a play on societal norms. Underlying in the dialectic argument of the novel are societal implications. For example, by Atwood calling Crakes’ creations the Crakers, she creates an implied connection on words to the Quakers, who are known for starting their own Christian new world. Crake also embodies the values of real time corporations, in that he creates a medical demand for his products through unleashing a virus. His behavior can only be expected by his inherent capabilities and by him being the product of a moral-less society. Atwood’s novel is also fueled by human nature, the horrific experiences the characters go through and their apathetic reactions actually seem believable because they are so human. An example of this is shown in the scene where Crake has just destroyed society as we know it and snowman watches the devastation on the internet, The whole thing seemed like a movie†¦The worst of it was that those people out there – the fear, the suffering, the wholesale death – did not really touch him (Atwood, 2004). It is ironic that Atwood makes a reference to the end of society being like a movie; this exposes snowman’s adolescent and distant nature, as well as makes him appear more human. This also connects back to the live executions witnessed online earlier in the novel. These are examples of Atwood using real time human tendencies to show her characters’ disenfranchisement from society. The actions following this scene consist of snowman leading the Crakers out into the new world in which they find glow-in-the-dark bunnies running rampant. This is another societal implication in that this was the actual result of transgenic Dr. Eduardo Kac, who spliced rabbit and jellyfish DNA in the year 2000. In sum, the dialectic philosophy is present in Margaret Atwood’s novel, Oryx and Crake in that it poses multiple arguments. It supports these arguments through real-time societal implications, believable characters, and a radical thesis carried out by Crake. Atwood’s literary genius is revealed in the fact that, all three of these elements draw sympathy from the reader, and in effect persuade the reader to believe the rationale behind the destruction of their own society.

Television: Helps And Hinders :: essays research papers

Television is a drug. Although when first invented it was used as a family entertaining device, its purpose has been greatly altered. Now with over sixty channels to choose from, people of all ages can easily find a show that will grab their attention. This, however, is not the problem. The problem is caused when the person starts to change their daily routine in order to tune in to their favorite programs. Television acts as a drug in that it can help or hinder an individual based on their needs. Un fortunaltely, a person may become so addicted to a television show that they put everything going on around them on hold. One example of this would be when Amy, a friend, told me about a bad experience she had gone through while being baby sat. The babysitter was watching her one afternoon, when the time came for the sitter’s soap to come on. The sitter immediately picked her up, put her in the crib, and dashed out of the room so no part of her show would be missed. This was nothing new to Amy; it was actually part of her daily routine. As the daily practice seemed to be going along as scheduled, a rude awakening was lurking around the corner. As a matter of fact it wasn’t usual at all...it was life threatening. Amy started to choke on a piece of plastic that broke off a toy she had put in her mouth. The baby-sitter left about and inch of the door open, so she could sort of see what was going on in the room. Amy was standing over the side of her crib when she started to choke. With one hand on a bottle, and the other shoving the toy in her mouth, the bottle dropped. If the television had been turned up much louder, the baby sitter never would of heard the thump of the bottle fall. If the thump of the bottle never had been heard, Amy would not be here today. An addiction to a television show is repulsive when it jeopardizes the life of a human being. In contrast, television programming geared toward kids such as Sesame Street and Blues Clues spark a child’s ability to learn at a young age. Both are good predecessors to pre-school and kindergarten. Sesame Street helps kids prepare to learn while keeping its award-winning traditions it is known for.

Ibm Case Study Essay

1. What factors led to IBM’s success during the 1960s and 1970s and its problems during the late 1980s and early 1990s? 3 pts. 2. Q: What did Gerstner do when he assumed the role of CEO in April 1993? A: Gerstner realized that rather than break up the company, he could turn it around by going to market as â€Å"one IBM.† To prevent customers from leaving in droves before he completed the turnaround, Gerstner called on each senior executive to go out to a group of customers and â€Å"bearhug† them. He made the executives personally responsible for their assigned customer accounts and accountable for any problems that arose. At the same time, he asked each of the executives to write two papers, one on the executive’s business and the other on key issues and recommendations for solving problems and pursuing opportunities. Q: Evaluate Gerstner’s approach to crisis management. How well did he perform as a turnaround manager? A: I’d have to give credit to Gerstner. He seemed to know where the problems lied within the company and viewed himself from a customer standpoint, rectifying customer concerns but from a corporate head standpoint. Based on the following information, this is how he did it: â€Å"The sales organization, which had been organized by geography and product, was reorganized into global sales teams. In response to numerous customer complaints, a customer relationship manager and a dedicated sales and service team were appointed for each key customer account. These teams were grouped within larger vertical industry teams, and product specialists were assigned to each. The product specialists served as boundary spanners, moving back and forth between focused product groups and key account teams, taking product knowledge to the field and customer input back to the product groups. Product specialists reported to the product organization, but incentives rewarded increased sales of their products through industry sales teams.† It is as if Gerstner knew the problematic areas that made the company fail to meet satisfactory levels and although it was a tough call, Gerstner’s turnaround plan seemed a success and as a masterplan! Q: What challenges did he face as he attempted to position the company for growth? 5 pts. A: The changes Gerstner proposed was met by some or much opposition. Many that had been around the company for quite some time, felt as though the changes that Gerster was implementing meant the demise of the company that they knew. The methods of which Gerstner was using from a manager’s standpoint seemed a bit unorthodox and didn’t fit well with the IBM culture and business model. Here is what was mentioned as a challenge Gerstner faced: â€Å"One group of managers—those who ran IBM’s country organizations—found the move to â€Å"One IBM† especially difficult. They believed global managers could not be relied upon to make the right choices for local markets and that initiatives and instructions from IBM corporate needed to be â€Å"customized† for particular countries. The differences came to a head when Gerstner found out that his notes to employees were being rewritten by country managers to â€Å"better fit their environment.† The senior executive responsible for the country managers was fired, and many country managers resigned. Those who stayed were rapidly elevated to key positions. Despite pockets of resistance, Gerstner was impressed by employees’ capacity to absorb change:† So based off the 3. Why do large established companies, like IBM, find it so difficult to build successful and sustainable new businesses? 3 pts. 4. Evaluate IBM’s approach to leading mature, high growth, and emerging business opportunities. What are the organization design and leadership models required to manage each type of business? How should a company like IBM (or AT & T, for example) manage the innovation process? 7 pts. 5. What challenges did Sam Palmisano face as he assumed control of IBM in March 2002? Can a company like IBM (or AT & T) be organized for both innovation and efficient operation – can it be both â€Å"big† and â€Å"small†? What advice would you give Palmisano at the end of the case? 7 pts. NOTE: You must respond to these questions in your own words i.e. do not copy straight from the case study – provide your interpretation and analysis.

Defense on Socrates Essay - 1619 Words

Defense on Socrates There are times in every mans life where our actions and beliefs collideÂâ€"these collisions are known as contradictions. There are endless instances in which we are so determined to make a point that we resort to using absurd overstatements, demeaning language, and false accusations in our arguments. This tendency to contradict ourselves often questions our character and morals. Similarly, in The Trial of Socrates (Platos Apology), Meletus fallacies in reason and his eventual mistake of contradicting himself will clear the accusations placed on Socrates. In this paper, I will argue that Socrates is not guilty of corrupting the youth with the idea of not believing in the Gods but of teaching the youth to think for†¦show more content†¦The next step in the line of reasoning that supports the thesis of this paper is that Meletus contradicts himself by saying that Socrates both believes and does not believe in the Gods. Socrates begins by asking Meletus if he thinks that Socrates has corrupted the young by teach[ing] them not to acknowledge the gods which the state acknowledges, but some other new divinities, and Meletus agrees that this is the reason for his accusation. However, Meletus further states that Socrates is a complete atheist, meaning that he does not believe in god at all. This inconsistency in Meletus answers refute the entire accusation that Socrates is an atheist because Meletus already has established that Socrates teaches other men to acknowledge some gods, and therefore that [he] does believe in gods, and [is] not an entire atheist. This can also be presented as an argument in which our first premise is (P1) that Atheists do not believe in Gods, our second premise is that (P2) Socrates believes in God, and our conclusion therefore is that (C) Socrates is not an Atheist. This logically proves that Meletus is incorrect in his reasoning and that Socrates is not guilty of teaching the youth not toShow MoreRelatedDefense of Socrat es1888 Words   |  8 PagesApology: Defence Of Socrates By: Gregory Klima Apology Defense Of Socrates Plato s The Apology is an account of the speech Socrates makes at the trial in which he is charged with the following 1) Not recognizing the gods recognized by the state 2) Corrupting the youth of Athens For the most part, Socrates spoke in a very plain, conversational manner, as one would speak to a friend or lecture a child. He explained that he has no experience with courts and demeanor that comes with , heRead More Defense of Socrates Essay1590 Words   |  7 PagesDefense of Socrates There are times in every mans life where our actions and beliefs collide—these collisions are known as contradictions. There are endless instances in which we are so determined to make a point that we resort to using absurd overstatements, demeaning language, and false accusations in our arguments. This tendency to contradict ourselves often questions our character and morals. Similarly, in The Trial of Socrates (Plato’s Apology), Meletus’ fallacies in reason and his eventualRead More Socrates Defense Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesThey begin by telling everyone not to be deceived and to take caution because Socrates is a â€Å"clever speaker†. According to Socrates, the difference between him and his accusers is that he speaks the truth. He is on trial for two items, which include, corrupting the youth and impiety. Socrates tells everyone that he has no experience with the court and he will speak the way he is used to by being honest and direct. Socrates explains that his behavior is from the oracle of Apollo at Delphi. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Read MoreThe Socrates Defense Speech755 Words   |  4 PagesIn Socrates defense speech there were certain parts that could have influenced the jury to judge him as guilty and sentenced him to death. The first time Socrates words failed him in this way was when he said that there was no one wiser than him according to the Pythia (Lines 21a). The jury mostly likely interpreted this as, if a man who is of such low class is â€Å"wiser† than them then that must mean they know nothing. The jury probably took offense to this because they all felt they had known theirRead MoreThe Trial of Socrates: an Analysis and Construction of Socrates Defense2369 Words   |  10 PagesThe Trial of Socrates: An Analysis and Construction of Socrates Defense Understanding the decisions made by the jurymen in Socrates trial will always be a mystery, but one can perceive why some would have voted the way that they did. Politically and historically Athens was a thriving place of innovation and philosophical advancements. Athens could very well be divided, morally on various aspects, one of them being which â€Å"political† affiliation Athenians related themselves with. Some choicesRead MoreEssay about Defense of Socrates595 Words   |  3 Pages Plato’s â€Å"Defense of Socrates† follows the trial of Socrates for charges of corruption of the youth. His accuser, Meletus, claims he is doing so by teaching the youth of Athens of a separate spirituality from that which was widely accepted. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Socrates’ argument was unique in that he tried to convince the jury he was just an average man and not to be feared, but in actuality demonstrated how clever and tenacious he was. He begins with an anecdote of his visit to the OracleRead MoreSocrates (Defense), the Apology Essay1014 Words   |  5 PagesSocrates – â€Å"The Apology† or (Defense) Socrates had no written work, never had a job and there are questions of whether he was even literate. However, Plato was a student of Socrates and recorded what occurred at his death trial. Socrates asked lots of questions and made people with political power look stupid. At no time during his trial does he claim to be innocent. He (attacks his accuser instead) There were two types of charges brought against him. - The new or (Official) ChargesRead MoreSocrates Systematic Defense Essay2053 Words   |  9 PagesPlatos Apology begins with the opening statements of Socrates. The jurymens ears are still ringing with the sound of his accusers well-crafted arguments, and the stage is set for Socrates to defend himself. The reputable orator surprisingly begins his defense by stating that he is not going to â€Å"toy with words† but will argue his case with the first words that come to mind (17c). The tension becomes evident as Socrates systematic defense leads him to contradict his opening statements and undermineRead MoreThe Defense Of Socrates, Euthyphro, And Crito Essay2308 Words   |  10 PagesThe Defense of Socrates Essay In the book Plato: The Defense of Socrates, Euthyphro, and Crito, Socrates is accused and taken to court on the charges of corrupting the youth, impiety, and his slandering of orators. His accusers most notably Meletus, Anytus, and Lycon have all requested that Socrates be trailed and punished under the law for his crimes. During Socrates’ trail he is given a chance to explain himself against the accusations which he is being convicted under. IfRead MoreSocrates Defense Against The Criticism Of Plato s Apology2077 Words   |  9 PagesAfter the introductory remarks, Plato’s Apology continues with Socrates’ defense against the â€Å"First Accusations,† because his accusers are many, and of all ages: the older accusers have persuaded the youth to speak and think badly of Socrates, and given that they were at an age of influence, the lesson stuck. The old accusations that Socrates has to address first and foremost are: â€Å"Socrates is guilty of wrongdoing in that he busies himself studying things in the sky and below the earth; he makes

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Sociology Poverty and Stratification - 812 Words

Living with a poverty level income is a difficulty facing many people around the world; poverty is a cultural universal, or trait found in every known culture – not an expression of individual differences. The most basic explanation for this is the trend towards social stratification, the system by which society organizes itself into a hierarchy. In some cultures this is manifest in the form of a caste system in which people who are in poverty have little to no chance of escaping it. In the United States the system is more in the form of a class system in which there is at least some degree of social mobility, and less status consistency allows people in poverty to have the possibility of changing their social status, but rarely the†¦show more content†¦In most cases U.S. citizens who are in poverty are in relative poverty in relation to the rest of the U.S. population; whereas in the world as a whole a greater number of people are in absolute poverty and are barely able to survive on their income, or wages and earnings, and they have very little to no wealth since it is impossible to save any of their money. Ethnocentrism makes it difficult to obtain a clear picture of the conditions of poverty and inequality in other nations and cultures. There are many theories concerning the causes and solution for poverty in the global economy. The two major theories are the modernization theory which explains inequality in terms of technological and cultural difference between nations, and the dependency theory which explains poverty in terms of the historical exploitation of poor, or low-income, nations by rich, or high-income, nations. This theory has manifest itself in a new way in today’s world in the form of neocolonialism; economic exploitation by multinational corporations. Race and ethnicity is key factor to poverty in the U.S. since an African-American is three times more likely to be in poverty than a non-Hispanic white. People with diffe rent ethnic backgrounds may experience alienation, or discrimination as a result of their differences with the people around them. 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Many analysis use the social stratification system to help determine the inequalities, and this system of organization is found in every society across the world, though it will differ from one society to another (Larkin, 2015). Sociologists group different and diverse people into different levelsRead Morecauses of social stratification in named caribbean society809 Words   |  4 PagesDescribe the causes of social stratification in the Caribbean countries. In every known human society there is form of social inequality. This system was derived from events that took place some years ago. Social stratification can be class under the system of Plantation System and Social Mobility. According to Jenniffer Mohammed- Caribbean studies (2011). This rank or position in the social hierarchy is the lowest stratification occupied by the poorest groups

Class in the Great Gatsby and Great Expectations- myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theClass in the Great Gatsby and Great Expectations. Answer: Social class refers to a set of subjectively defined concept in relation to the social sciences that is centered on the model of social stratification. People are grouped together into different social categories on the basis of their position in the society. It is a great subject of analysis for the sociologists and anthropologists. In common usage, it is synonymous with that of the socio-economic class and people who belong to the same socio-economic strata are grouped together. The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald brings to light the dramatic difference between that of the social classes in the era of the 1920s. The movie opens in an elementary school where some kids have access to a great deal of social capital like that of good looks, games and stylish clothing. They form a part of the in-group and belong to the popular crowd. Those people who are not endowed with these superficial traits are shunned by this popular group and they belong to a different social class. The social divisions continue to stay with the individual even after they emerge into the world of adulthood. Social status becomes all the more solidified in the adult world when the material possessions play a greater role. Adults become all the more segregated on account of the social class. The people who have abundant resources enjoy a different lifestyle as compared to those who do not have it and the world of opulence is portrayed with the help of the house-parties and countr y clubs. In contrast to this, Great Expectations written by Charles Dickens opens with the central character Pip running to the churchyard to look at the headstones of his parents, Philip Pirrip and Georgiana. The terror and helplessness in the life of the young boy is captured when he identifies himself as small bundle of shivers growing afraid. The loneliness in the life of young Pip is shown in the opening scene when he is shown alone in the cemetery. While, the world in The Great Gatsby is shown as being opulent on the other hand Great Expectations shows people struggling for minimal livelihood. He comes across a convict on the Kent marshes and this convict is like the ogre of childhood fairy tale and it introduced the audience to the world of criminality. Pips connection to the world of criminality is laid bare in the opening scene and several symbols in the course of the movie like that of gallow, signpost and the beacon clearly highlights the important role that crime played in the society. The cinematic technique used in the movie The Great Gatsby uses a lot of colours and light that symbolizes the opulent lifestyle of the characters. The fashionable East Egg where Daisy Buchanan lived along with that of Tom Buchanan stands as the epitome of luxury. Buchanans along with that of Jordan Baker live a life that is privileged as shown by the house parties and grand houses. Their class and social status has an important bearing on the way they deal with life. From the perspective of the Marxist, it is control over that of the natural and economic resources that is instrumental within the society to divide people. The haves refer to those people who have control over these aspects as compared to those who do not have control over the natural and economic resources. Class was thus directly related to the factor of wealth within the ambit of the cinema. The Buchanans along with that of Jay Gatsby constitute an integral part of the privileged class which they have received by vi rtue of acquiring property and education. Nick Carraway on the other hand belong to the class of the propertyless intelligentsia and Wilsons on the other hand belong to that of the working class. Great Expectations ranges from that of the low class convict and orphans to that of the poor working class of Joe and Biddy and it extended to that of the wealthy Miss Havisham. Miss Havisham made her fortune by manufacturing beer. A difference thus exists between the class of both the novels. The characters of the novel are not blessed with the fortune of traditional aristocracy and instead make their living by their hard work. They are self-made and they rise in the hierarchies of the society by the dint of their own labour. The characters of Great Expectations seems to be very close to the real world whereas the world as depicted in The Great Gatsby is a world of glamour and opulence an bears close resemblance to the world of films. The characters drown in the world of luxury and are inclined in pursuing money that will embolden them with power. The lighting effect has been used very carefully in the course of the Great Expectations. The world is portrayed in shades of grey, black and white that signifies the world of criminality and the danger lurking in the society. The characters are portrayed in the way they are and the use of minimal sounds highlights the dreary monotonous life of the characters as opposed to the extravagant life of the characters of The Great Gatsby. The bright lights used highlight the opulence of the characters of The Great Gatsby. It portrays the high class and distinctive lifestyle of the characters. Dickens criticizes three problems in the society that plagues the Victorian England: treatment meted out to children, injustice of structure of the social class and inhumanity in relation to government and law. The children were objectified like a cost free commodity in order to support the industrial revolution. The constant beatings that was perpetrated on the character of Philip Pirrip by the guardian Mrs. Joe highlights the sad plight of the poor orphans who were left at the mercy of others in Victorian England. It brings out the dehumanization in relation to the children of Britain. Trabbs Boy who is another young boy of the age of Pip is compelled to work for the tailor and he is objectified and treated like a labour commodity. Estella is also symbolic of the dehumanization in relation to the children. She does not have to work as a child because of the possessions of her guardian, Miss Havisham but she is raised to be an object who listens to all the advices of Miss Havisham. Society was obsessed with that of wealth and many people who worked in the factories were made to work like that of slaves. They had to enter the world at a young age and they had to work around twelve hours a day and were in turn paid a meagre amount. In The Great Gatsby, the decline in the moral values is directly proportional to that of wealth. The greed of the characters in The Great Gatsby was clearly evident and the unwavering belief of the society in the society is made clear in the course of the movie. The narration of the work is done with the help of moral retrospection of the character of Nick Carraway. His criticisms of the greed and carelessness bring to light the perversions in the mind of the people of the upper class . Daisy married Tom Buchanan because at that point of time Tom was far wealthier than that of Jay Gatsby. An expensive necklace is presented as a gift to daisy that makes Daisy accept the marriage proposal of Tom. The shallow mind of the people is thus highlighted with the help of the character of Daisy. At the time of The Victorian era, there was no facility for state education and the lower class people could not send their children to the school and they had to suffer the dismal working conditions of the factories . This injustice plagued the society of the time of Charles Dickens and a society that values the wealth has been brought to the light in the course of the work. In this way, it is similar to the world of Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. Money and social class determined the prestige that one will enjoy in the society. From this point of view, the world can be termed as shallow in relation to both these works and the mentality of the people was narrow. The characters who are poor had moral principles whereas those who are wealthy were the most corrupt and immoral The moral stalwart of Pip is Joe and Joe is looked down upon for his humble means. Later in the course of the work, Pip ridicules him for his humility when he himself becomes wealthy. This hypocrisy suggests the mo ral failure of the society who failed to obey by the right moral code. In The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway enjoys the company of Jordan Baker on account of her fame and position in the society. As Carraway continues to spend more time with the character of Jordan Baker, he realizes that she is afraid from the inside. When Jordan Baker was at a young age, she had to learn about coping mechanisms that would keep her happy in the society. Baker was taught to be fake so that she can tap into the superficial want of the upper classes. Caraway notices that these streaks were present in most of the members of the upper class. The wealthy members of the society twist their individual perspective so that they can gain happiness out of it (The unappealing qualities can be found in the people belonging to the top hierarchy of the society. Towards the end of the novel, when Nick is given the opportunity to continue his profession as New York bondsman or whether to return back home, he prefers his life back home because he feels that the people who come from that of the upper class are to a large extent unhappy and superficial . Towards the end of the novel, Great Expectations, Pip is arrested for debt and put in the prison. He is however spared on account of his failing health. He feels that he is hallucinating the face of Joe but actually Joe has arrived in order to nurse him in his difficult time. Joe though poor is portrayed as a sincere man having great moral principles. Pip and Joe went out for a Sunday outing like the times when they were small. People may be moved by false pretenses but in the end they would prefer the virtuous life. After eleven years, Pip comes back to England. He has learnt the importance of hard work and is happy with a modest life. He works in a mercantile firm that shows that in the end he is contented with a simple, happy life. Money creates a desire in the human nature of greed. When people become wealthy, they want to rise in the social ladder and they become corrupted. The personal values are compromised when one becomes rich. Great Expectations along with that of The Great Gatsby show that the protagonists think that wealth can be used in order to serve the common good but many values are compromised during this process. Pip and Gatsby want to use the money in order to get their love in their life (When trying to achieve these goal, a lot is compromised. When Pip gets the money from unknown benefactor he comes under the guidance of Jaggers and hardly returned to his home town. In the initial stage, his main reason for his return was in order to visit Joe and Biddy but after gaining the social stature he becomes proud and visiting these people becomes laborious for him. These illustrates how social position in the society changes the individual and he starts treating the people in his life from his humbl e beginnings with a lot of scorn. Previously he used to look to Joe as a father figure but later on he does not want to see him because Joe is a blacksmith. The end of the novel of The Great Gatsby reveals Nick assuming responsibility for the final arrangement of Gatsby as no one else was interested ). It shows the shallowness of the people who used to come to his house and indulge in eating and drinking but deserted him in his final hour.The ending highlights the callous nature of the people. Klipspringer completely puts away the issue of the funeral of Gatsby and shamelessly asks Nick about a pair of shoes. Elevated status in terms of wealth compels an individual to crave for more and increased want results in bending the rules in order to serve the self-interest of a person. It is found throughout the world that individuals who have a high social status tend to look down upon the poor and those who are less fortunate as compared to that of other people. People who have money and social status became less ethical in their dealings with the society ). The rich people have a tendency to act for their own narrow and selfish interest. Different positions occupied by individuals in the society thus give rise to divergent social values. Overarching value is related to money in the complex world of today. Ethical values should be the priority of an individual but once people acquire wealth and social status the principles are compromised and serving their narrow interest becomes their main agenda. The decadence of moral principles has become a grave topic in the complex environment of the mode rn world and rigorous thinking is required to change the mindset of an individual.

Temperature Controlled Led free essay sample

TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED LED A Mini Project Report Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the award of degree of BACHELOR OT TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING BY Name (Reg. no) N. V. R. Srikar 08P71A0216 M. Vivek Viswanath 08P71A0230 Under the Esteemed Guidance of Mrs N. Swarnalatha [pic] DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGG. SWAMI VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(Approved by AICTE New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad) Mahboob College Campus, Rashtra Pathi Road, Secunderabad-500043 TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED LED A Mini Project Report Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the award of degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING BY Name (Reg. no) M. Vivek Viswanath 08P71A0230 Under the Esteemed Guidance of Mrs. N. Swarnalatha [pic] DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGG. SWAMI VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (Approved by AICTE New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad) Mahboob College Campus, Rashtra Pathi Road, Secunderabad-50004 SWAMI VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING) (Approved by A. We will write a custom essay sample on Temperature Controlled Led or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I. C. T. E. New Delhi,Affiliated to JNTU,Hyderabad) Mahboob College Campus,Rashtra Pathi Road,Secunderabad-500043 ____________________________________________________________ _ Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Mini Project report entitled â€Å"TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED LED† is being submitted by the following students in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh is record of bonafide work carried out during the academic year 2010-2011. N. V. R. Srikar 08P71A0216 M. Vivek Viswanath 08P71A0230 Under the supervision and guidance of Internal Guide Head of Department ACKNOWLEDGEMENT With great pleasure we want to take this opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude to all the people who helped in making this mini project work a grand success. We express our deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Madhu for  his constant guidance throughout our mini project  work. We are grateful to Mrs N. Swarnalatha for  valuable suggestions and guidance given by  during the execution of this mini project work. We would like to thank  Mrs. N. Swarnalatha, Head of the  Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for being   moral   support throughout the period of our study in  Swami Vivekananda Institute Of Technology. First of all we are highly indebted to Principal Dr. S. Kesavan, for giving us the permission to carry out this mini project. We would like to thank the Teaching and Non-Teaching staff of EEE department for sharing their knowledge with us. Last but not the least we express our sincere thanks to Chairman Dr. N. Prem Narayan and Secretary Dr. K Anil Kumar, Swami Vivekananda Institute of Technology, for their continuous care towards our achievements. Mr N. V. R. Srikar Mr M. Vivek Viswanath ACKNOWLEDGEMENT With great pleasure we want to take this opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude to all the people who helped in making this mini project work a grand success. We express our deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Madhu for  his constant guidance throughout our mini project  work. We are grateful to Mrs N. Swarnalatha for  valuable suggestions and guidance given by  during the execution of this mini project work. We would like to thank  Mrs. N. Swarnalatha, Head of the  Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for being moral   support throughout the period of our study in  Swami Vivekananda Institute Of Technology. First of all we are highly indebted to Principal Dr. S. Kesavan, for giving us the permission to carry out this mini project. We would like to thank the Teaching and Non-Teaching staff of EEE department for sharing their knowledge with us. Last but not the least we express our sincere thanks to Chairman Dr. N. Prem Narayan and Secretary Dr. K Anil Kumar, Swami Vivekananda Institute of Technology, for their continuous care towards our achievements. Mr M. Vivek Viswanath CONTENTS Title Pg. No Introduction 7 Circuit Diagram 8 Components Used 9 Working 10 Light Emitting Diode 11 Voltage Regulator 12 Transformer 15 Integrated Circuit(IC) 16 Basic structure of IC 18 Classification 19 Advantages 22 Limitations 23 LM35(Temperature Sensor) 23 Operational Amplifier 24 Ideal Op-Am 25 Applications 27 IC CA3130 29 Transistor 31 Advantages 33 Limitations 33 Conclusion 34 Bibliography 35 INTRODUCTION How many times you were victim to the hot water from your shower or washbasin? How many times components of your machine or gadgets were subjected to overheating? To compromise these problems we can use a light emitting diode (LED) to warn us if there is an increase in temperature, it can warn us if our machines temperature raises or the water coming from your shower or washbasin is hot or cold accordingly. Temperature controlled light emitting diodes (LEDs) are now-a-days used in many appliances. ADVANTAGES: ? Low power consumption ? Safety ? Automatic operation CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Temperature Controlled LED [pic] Circuit to convert the supply (220V AC 50Hz) to input(9V DC): [pic] Components used: †¢ Integrated Circuits IC1 7805 IC2 LM35 IC3 CA3130 †¢ Resistors R1 10K ohms R2 1K ohms R3 10K ohms R4 220 ohms R5 10K ohms R6 220 ohms †¢ Capacitors C1 100uF C2 10uF C3 1000uF †¢ Diodes D1 LED Red D2 LED Green D3 IN4007 D4 IN4007 D5 IN4007 D6 IN4007 †¢ Transformer 9V-0-9V †¢ Transistor Q1 BC107 Q2 BC557 WORKING An LED lamp (LED light bulb) is a solid-state lamp that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the source of light. LED lamps are used for both general and special-purpose lighting. LEDs glow according to the temperature in â€Å"Temperature controlled LEDs†. The circuit has two LEDs (D1 and D2), whose status are controlled by the temperature of the surroundings. The famous IC LM35 is used as the temperature sensor here. Output of LM35 raises by 10mV per degree rise in temperature. Output of LM35 is connec ted to the non-inverting input of the op-amp CA3130. The inverting input of the same op-amp can be given with the required reference voltage using R2. If the reference voltage is 0. 8V, then the voltage at the non-inverting input (output of LM35) becomes 0. 8V when the temperature is 80 degree Celsius. At this point the output of IC3 goes to positive saturation. This makes the transistor Q1 On and LED D1 glows. Since the base of Q2 is connected to the collector of Q1, Q2 will be switched OFF and LED D2 remains OFF. When the temperature is below 45 degree Celsius the reverse happens. IC1 produces a stable 5V DC working voltage from the available 9V DC supply. Light Emitting Diode (LED) [pic] Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor light sources. The light emitted from LEDs varies from visible to infrared and ultraviolet regions. They operate on low voltage and power. LEDs are one of the most common electronic components and are mostly used as indicators in circuits. They are also used for luminance and optoelectronic applications. Based on semiconductor diode, LEDs emit photons when electrons recombine with holes on forward biasing. The two terminals of LEDs are anode (+) and cathode (-) and can be identified by their size. The longer leg is the positive terminal or anode and shorter one is negative terminal. The forward voltage of LED (1. 7V-2. 2V) is lower than the voltage supplied (5V) to drive it in a circuit. Using an LED as such would burn it because a high current would destroy its p-n gate. Therefore a current limiting resistor is used in series with LED. Without this resistor, either low input voltage (equal to forward voltage) or PWM (pulse width modulation) is used to drive the LED. VOLTAGE REGULATOR: A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or active electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages. With the exception of shunt regulators, all modern electronic voltage regulators operate by comparing the actual output voltage to some internal fixed reference voltage. Any difference is amplified and used to control the regulation element. This forms a negative feedback servo control loop. If the output voltage is too low, the regulation element is commanded to produce a higher voltage. For some regulators if the output voltage is too high, the regulation element is commanded to produce a lower voltage; however, many just stop sourcing current and depend on the current draw of whatever it is driving to pull the voltage back down. In this way, the output voltage is held roughly constant. The control loop must be carefully designed to produce the desired tradeoff between stability and speed of response [pic] IC voltage regulators are three-terminal devices that provide a constant DC output voltage that is independent of the input voltage, output load current, and temperature. There are three types of IC voltage regulators: †¢ IC linear voltage regulators †¢ IC switching voltage regulators †¢ DC/DC converter chips IC linear voltage regulators use an active pass element to reduce the input voltage to a regulated output voltage. By contrast, IC switching voltage regulators store energy in an inductor, transformer, or capacitor and then use this storage device to transfer energy from the input to the output in discrete packets over a low-resistance switch. DC/DC converter chips, a third type of IC voltage regulators, also provide a regulated  DC voltage output from a different, unregulated input voltage. In addition, DC/DC converters are provide noise isolation regulate power buses. For each type of IC voltage regulator, the output voltage can be fixed or adjusted to a value within a specified range. Performance specifications for IC voltage regulators include regulated output voltage, output current, and dropout voltage, quiescent current and operating temperature. The regulated output voltage (Volt) represents minimum and maximum amounts in  continuous mode DC. The output current (IOUT)  is measured under specified conditions. Dropout voltage (VD) is the minimum voltage drop across the regulator that maintains output voltage regulation. IC voltage regulators that operate with small dropout voltages dissipate less internal power, but have relatively high efficiencies. Measured in amperes (A) during the idling state, the quiescent current never makes it to the load. Instead, it flows from the battery to power the regulator itself, the operating temperature is a full-required range IC voltage regulators are available with a variety of features. Some devices have more than one output or channel. Others have an internal circuit to control the amount of current produced, or an error flag for monitoring outputs that drop below a nominal value. Reverse voltage protection prevents damage in applications where users can accidentally reverse battery polarity. Thermal shutdown protection turns off IC voltage regulators when the temperature exceeds a predefined limit. Shutdown (inhibit) pins are used to disable regulator outputs. IC voltage regulators are available in a variety of IC package types. Dual in-line packages can be made of ceramic or plastic. Quad flat packages contain a large number of fine, flexible, gull wing shaped leads. SC-70, one of the smallest available IC packages, is well-suited for applications where space is extremely limited. Small outline (SO) packages are available with 8, 14, or 20 pins. Transistor outline (TO) packages are commonly available. TO-92 is a single in-line package used for low power devices. TO-220 is suitable for high power, medium-current, and fast-switching products. TO-263 is the surface-mount version of the TO-220 package. Other IC packages for IC voltage regulators include shrink small outline package (SSOP), small outline integrated circuit (SOIC), small outline package (SOP), small outline J-lead (SOJ), discrete package (DPAK), and power package (PPAK). TRANSFORMER: A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled electrical conductors. A changing current in the first circuit (the primary) creates a changing magnetic field; in turn, this magnetic field induces a changing voltage in the second circuit (the secondary). By adding a load to the secondary circuit, one can make current flow in the transformer, thus transferring energy from one circuit to the other. The secondary induced voltage VS, of an ideal transformer, is scaled from the primary VP by a factor equal to the ratio of the number of turns of wire in their respective windings:By appropriate selection of the numbers of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating voltage to be stepped up — by making NS more than NP — or stepped down, by making it less. Transformers are some of the most efficient electrical machines, with some large units able to transfer 99. 75% of their input power to their output. Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect portions of national power grids. All operate with the same basic principles, though a variety of designs exist to perform specialized roles throughout home and industry. [pic] INTEGRATED CIRCUIT : In the early 1960 a new field of â€Å"mind electronics† was born primarily to meet the needs of the military, which wanted to reduce the size of the electronic circuits called integrated circuits (IC’S) ,which are so small that technicians using microscopes do their construction. Microelectronics is the branch of electronics engineering which details with microcircuits. Microcircuits are simply a miniature assembly of electronic components. One type of such circuit is the integrated circuit, generally abbreviated as â€Å"IC†. An IC has various omponents such as resistors, on a small semiconductor chip. Now circuits containing hundreds if components are fabricated on a small semiconductor chip to produce an IC is a fascinating feat of microelectronics. 1. Integrated circuits consist of a single crystal chip of silicon, typically 50 to 1 mm by 1mm in cross section, containing both active and passive elements and their interconnections. Electronics circuits have b een assembled from individual components for more than half a century. During this time, a circuit designer had a large number of different components available to him. 2. His job was confined to the proper selection and use of resistors capacitors, inductors, vacuum tubes or transistors, His choice of components was governed by such considerations availability, reliability, cost, size or weight. Integrated circuits design requires a different approach. The shapes, size and fabrication of the components in integrated circuits are vastly different. An IC is an electrical network formed upon a substrate made from semiconductor or insulating materials. [pic] BASIC STRUCTURE OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: This consists of the following four lower of different materials. 1. The first is P-type silicon layer and is 120? m thick this serves as a substrate upon which the IC is to be built. The second layer of IC of N-type material, this layer is only 20? m thick. All active and passive components are fabricated within this layer using a number of diffusion steps. In fabrication within this layer using a number of diffusion steps. 2. The entire above component it is necessary to diffuse impurities in certain precisely defined regions within this layer. The most complicated components fabricated are the transistor. 3. The third layer is of silicon dioxide material. This provides protection of the semiconductor material surface against contamination. 4. This is also called as a barrier in the selective diffusion of impurities in second layer, and protects portions of the water against impurity penetration. In these regions where diffusion id to take place, the Si2 layer is etched away, leaving the rest of the water protected against diffusion the Si2 layer must be subjected to photolithographic process to permit selective etching. 5. The fourth layer is a metallic layer made up of aluminum and is added to supply the necessary interconnections between different fabricated components. CLASSIFICATION The IC’s are classified as 1. Monolithic 2. Hybrid 1. In monolithic IC’s all components are formed simultaneously through diffusion process. 2. In hybrids IC’s the passive components (such as resistors, capacitors) and Inter connections between them are formed in an insulating substrate. IC’s are again classified based on the mode of operation. They are:- 1. Digital IC’s 2. Linear IC’s DIGITAL IC’S: They are the computer functioning logic networks that are equivalent of basic trainer logic circuit. They are used to form circuits such as gates, counters, and multiplexers, DE multiplexers etc. Since it is a complete designed package IC usually requires only one power supply with suitable components LINEAR IC’S: Linear IC is equivalent to discrete transistors network such as amplifier. They often require additional components for satisfactory operation. Ex; External resistors are required to control the voltage gain and the frequency response of an operational – Amplifier. In linear IC circuits the output electrical signal varies with respects to input. They are referred as analog circuits. [pic] ADVANTAGES: Some of the advantages offered by integrated circuit technology as compared with discrete components interconnected by conventional technique are as follows : Small size. Low cost due to the processing of large quantities of the components. Inter connections errors are non-existent. Temperature, differences between the parts if a circuit are small. Close matching of components and temperature coefficients is possible. Active device can be generously used, as they are cheaper than passive components. Economics are achieved in the cost of manufacture and inter connection of element of a system. High stability and reliability because all components are fabricated simultaneously and there are no soldered joints. Because of low cost, more complex circuitry may be used to obtain better functional characteristics. Hence there is improved performance. LIMITATIONS: †¢ If any component in an IC goes out of order whole IC has to be replaced. †¢ In an IC it’s neither convenient nor economical to fabricate capacitors exceeding 30pf therefore for high values of capacitance discrete, components exterior to IC chip are connected. It is not possible to fabricate inductors and transformers on the surface of the semiconductor on chip. Therefore these components are connected exterior to the chip. †¢ It is not possible to produce high power IC’s. LM35 (IC Temperature Sensor): LM35 is a precision IC temperature sensor with its output proportional to the temperature (in  oC). The sensor circuitry is sealed and therefore it is not subjected to oxidation and other processes. With LM35, temperature can be measured more accurately than with a thermistor. It also possess low self-heating and does not cause more than 0. 1  oC temperature rise in still air. The operating temperature range is from -55 °C to 150 °C. The output voltage varies by 10mV in response to every  oC rise/fall in ambient temperature,  i. e. ,  its scale factor is 0. 01V/  oC. [pic] OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER: An operational amplifier, often called an op-amp, is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with differential inputs [1] and, usually, a single output. Typically the output of the op-amp is controlled either by negative feedback, which largely determines the magnitude of its output voltage gain, or by positive feedback, which facilitates regenerative gain and oscillation. High input impedance at the input terminals and low output impedance are important typical characteristics. Op-amps are among the most widely used electronic devices today, being used in a vast array of consumer, industrial, and scientific devices. Many standard IC op-amps cost only a few cents in moderate production volume. Modern designs are electronically more rugged than earlier implementations and some can sustain direct short-circuits on their outputs without damage. CIRCUIT NOTIFICATION: Circuit diagram symbol for an op-amp The circuit symbol for an op-amp is shown in Figure 1 Where: V+: non-inverting input V? : inverting input[pic] Vout: output VS+: positive power supply VS? : negative power supply The power supply pins (VS+ and VS? ) can be labeled in different ways (See IC power supply pins). Despite different labeling, the function remains the same. Often these pins are left out of the diagram for clarity, and the power configuration is described or assumed from the circuit. OPERATION OF IDEAL OP-AMPS: The amplifiers differential inputs consist of an inverting input and a non-inverting input, and ideally the op-amp amplifies only the difference in voltage between the two. This is called the differential input voltage. In its most common use, the op-amps output voltage is controlled by feeding a fraction of the output signal back to the inverting input. This is known as negative feedback. If that fraction is zero, i. e. , there is no negative feedback, the amplifier is said to be running open loop and its output is the differential input voltage multiplied by the total gain of the amplifier, as shown by the following equation: [pic] where V+ is the voltage at the non-inverting terminal, V? is the voltage at the inverting terminal and G is the total open-loop gain of the amplifier. Because the magnitude of the open-loop gain is typically very large and not well controlled by the manufacturing process, op-amps are not usually used without negative feedback. Unless the differential input voltage is extremely small, open-loop operation results in op-amp saturation (see below in nonlinear imperfections). An example of how the output voltage is calculated when negative feedback exists is shown below in Basic non-inverting amplifier circuit. Another typical configuration of op-amps is the positive feedback, which takes a fraction of the output signal back to the non-inverting input. An important application of it is the comparator with hysteresis (see Schmitt trigger). For any input voltages the ideal op-amp has †¢ infinite open-loop gain, †¢ infinite bandwidth, †¢ infinite input impedances (resulting in zero input currents), †¢ zero offset voltage, †¢ infinite slew rate, †¢ zero output impedance, and zero noise. The inputs of an ideal op-amp under negative feedback can be modeled using a nullator, the output with a norator and the combination (complete ideal op-amp) by a nullor. DISADVANTAGES OF OP-AMPS: Op-amps can only approach this ideal: in addition to the practical limitations on slew rate, bandwidth, offset and so forth mentioned above, real op-amp parameters are subject to drift over time and with changes in temperature, input conditions, etc. Modern integrated FET or MOSFET op-amps approximate more closely the ideal op-amp than bipolar ICs where large signals must be handled at room temperature over a limited bandwidth; input impedance, in particular, is much higher, although the bipolar op-amps usually exhibit superior (i. e. , lower) input offset drift and noise characteristics. Where the limitations of real devices can be ignored, an op-amp can be viewed as a black box with gain; circuit function and parameters are determined by feedback, usually negative. IC op-amps as implemented in practice are moderately complex integrated circuits; see the internal circuitry for the relatively simple 741 op-amp below, for example. APPLICATIONS : Use in electronics system design The use of op-amps as circuit blocks is much easier and clearer than specifying all their individual circuit elements (transistors, resistors, etc. , whether the amplifiers used are integrated or discrete. In the first approximation op-amps can be used as if they were ideal differential gain blocks; at a later stage limits can be placed on the acceptable range of parameters for each op-amp. Circuit design follows the same lines for all electronic circuits. A specification is drawn up governing what the circuit is required to do, with allowable limits. For example, the gain may be required to be 100 times, with a tolerance of 5% but drift of less than 1% in a specified temperature range; the input impedance not less than 1 megohm; etc. A basic circuit is designed, often with the help of circuit modeling (on a computer). Specific commercially available op-amps and other components are then chosen that meet the design criteria within the specified tolerances at acceptable cost. If not all criteria can be met, the specification may need to be modified. A prototype is then built and tested; changes to meet or improve the specification, alter functionality, or reduce the cost, may be made. Basic non-inverting amplifier circuit The general op-amp has two inputs and one output. The output voltage is a multiple of the difference between the two inputs (some are made with floating, differential outputs): Vout = G(V+ ? V? ) G is the open-loop gain of the op-amp. The inputs are assumed to have very high impedance; negligible current will flow into or out of the inputs. Op-amp outputs have very low source impedance. If the output is connected to the inverting input, after being scaled by a voltage divider K = R1 / (R1 + R2), then: V+ = Vin V? = K Vout Vout = G(Vin ? K Vout) Solving for Vout / Vin, we see that the result is a linear amplifier with gain: Vout/Vin = G /(1 + G K) If G is very large, Vout/Vin comes close to 1/K, which equals 1 + (R2/R1). This negative feedback connection is the most typical use of an op-amp, but many different configurations are possible, making it one of the most versatile of all electronic building blocks. When connected in a negative feedback configuration, the op-amp will try to make Vout whatever voltage is necessary to make the input voltages as nearly equal as possible. This, and the high input impedance, is sometimes called the two golden rules of op-amp design (for circuits that use egative feedback): †¢ No current will flow into the inputs. †¢ The input voltages will be nearly equal. The exception is if the voltage required is greater than the op-amps supply, in which case the output signal stops near the power supply rails, VS+ or VS?. Most single, dual and quad op-amps available have a standardized pin-out which permits one type to be substituted for another without wiring changes. A specific op-amp may b e chosen for its open loop gain, bandwidth, noise performance, input impedance, power consumption, or a compromise between any of these factors IC CA3130: CA3130 are integrated-circuit operational ampli? ers that combine the advantage of both CMOS and bipolar transistors on a monolithic chip. Gate-protected p-channel MOSFET (PMOS) transistors are used in the input circuit to provide very-high-input impedance, very-low-input current, and exceptional speed performance. The use of PMOS ? eld-effect transistors in the input stage results in common-mode input-voltage capability down to 0. 5 volt below the negative-supply terminal, an important attribute in single-supply applications. A complementary-symmetry MOS (CMOS) transistor-pair, capable of swinging the output voltage to within 10 millivolts of either supply-voltage terminal (at very high values of load impedance), is employed as the output circuit. The CA3130 Series circuits operate at supply voltages ranging from 5 to 16 volts, or  ±2. 5 to  ±8 volts when using split supplies. They can be phase compensated with a single external capacitor, and have terminals for adjustment of offset voltage for applications requiring offset-null capability. Terminal provisions can also made to permit strobing of the output stage. The CA3130A offers superior input characteristics over those of the CA3130. Applications: †¢ Fast Sample-Hold Ampli? ers †¢ Long-Duration Timers/Monostables †¢ High-Input-Impedance Comparators(Ideal Interface with Digital CMOS) †¢ High-Input-Impedance Wideband Ampli? ers †¢ Voltage Followers (e. g. Follower for Single-Supply D/A Converter) †¢ Voltage Regulators (Permits Control of Output Voltage Down to Zero Volts) †¢ Peak Detectors †¢ Single-Supply Full-Wave Precision Recti? ers [pic] TRANSISTORS: [pic] A  transistor  is a  semiconductor  device  used to  amplify  and switch  electronic  signals. It is composed of a semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistors terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output)  power  can be much more than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can  amplify  a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in  integrated circuits. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern  electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its release in the early 1950s the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper  radios,  calculators, and  computers, among other things. The transistor is the key active component in practically all modern  electronics. Many consider it to be one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century. Its importance in todays society rests on its ability to be  mass produced  using a highly automated process (semiconductor device fabrication) that achieves astonishingly low per-transistor costs. The invention of the first transistor at  Bell Labs was named an  IEEE Milestone  in 2009. Although several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as  discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors now are produced in  integrated circuits  (often shortened to  IC,  microchips  or simply  chips), along with  diodes,  resistors,  capacitors  and other  electronic components, to produce complete electronic circuits. A  logic gate  consists of up to about twenty transistors whereas an advanced microprocessor, as of 2011, can use as many as 3 billion transistors (MOSFETs). About 60 million transistors were built this year [2002] for [each] man, woman, and child on Earth. The transistors low cost, flexibility, and reliability have made it a ubiquitous device. Transistorized  mechatronic  circuits have replaced  electromechanical devices  in controlling appliances and machinery. It is often easier an d cheaper to use a standard  microcontroller  and write a  computer program  to carry out a control function than to design an equivalent mechanical control function. The  bipolar junction transistor  (BJT) was the most commonly used transistor in the 1960s and 70s. Even after MOSFETs became widely available, the BJT remained the transistor of choice for many analog circuits such as simple amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of manufacture. Desirable properties of MOSFETs, such as their utility in low-power devices, usually in the  CMOS configuration, allowed them to capture nearly all market share for digital circuits; more recently MOSFETs have captured most analog and power applications as well, including modern clocked analog circuits, voltage regulators, amplifiers, power transmitters and motor drivers. Advantages The key advantages that have allowed transistors to replace their vacuum tube predecessors in most applications are †¢ Small size and minimal weight, allowing the development of miniaturized electronic devices. †¢ Highly automated manufacturing processes, resulting in low per-unit cost. †¢ Lower possible operating voltages, making transistors suitable for small, battery-powered applications. †¢ No warm-up period for cathode heaters required after power application. †¢ Lower power dissipation and generally greater energy efficiency. †¢ Higher reliability and greater physical ruggedness. Extremely long life. Some transistorized devices have been in service for more than 50 years. †¢ Complementary devices available, facilitating the design of  complementary-symmetry  circuits, something not possible with vacuum tubes. †¢ Insensitivity to mechanical shock and vibration, thus avoiding the problem of  micro phonics  in audio applications. Lim itations Silicon transistors typically do not operate at voltages higher than about 1000  volts  (SiC  devices can be operated as high as 3000 volts). In contrast, vacuum tubes have been developed that can be operated at tens of thousands of volts. High-power, high-frequency operation, such as that used in over-the-air  television broadcasting, is better achieved in vacuum tubes due to improved  electron mobility  in a vacuum. Silicon transistors are much more vulnerable than vacuum tubes to an  electromagnetic pulse  generated by a high-altitude  nuclear explosion. CONCLUSION: We can conclude that the LED glows when there is variation in room temperature. And the room temperature is sensed by a temperature sensor IC LM35. The circuit is named as â€Å"Automatic temperature controlled LED†. APPLICATIONS: This can be used in machines, home appliances to show change in temperature. ? We can even connect an alarm to raise an alarm if there is a temperature raise. ? It can be used in showers and wash basins to indicate that the water is hot. ? It can be used in PC’s where overheating may damage the system. BIBLIOGRAPHY; ? THEORY AND PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRICAL MECHINES. By: J. B. GUPTA ? ELECTRONICS DEVICES AND CIRCUITS By: JOCOB MILLIMEN ? ELECTRONICS FOR YOU. OCTOBER- 2008 MAGAZINE ? POWER ELECRONICS By: M D SINGH K B KHANCHANDANI P S BIMBRA ? ELECTRICAL MACHINES By: A. K. TEREJA B. L. TEREJA P. S. BIMHBRA