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Sociology Poverty and Stratification - 812 Words

Living with a poverty level income is a difficulty facing many people around the world; poverty is a cultural universal, or trait found in every known culture – not an expression of individual differences. The most basic explanation for this is the trend towards social stratification, the system by which society organizes itself into a hierarchy. In some cultures this is manifest in the form of a caste system in which people who are in poverty have little to no chance of escaping it. In the United States the system is more in the form of a class system in which there is at least some degree of social mobility, and less status consistency allows people in poverty to have the possibility of changing their social status, but rarely the†¦show more content†¦In most cases U.S. citizens who are in poverty are in relative poverty in relation to the rest of the U.S. population; whereas in the world as a whole a greater number of people are in absolute poverty and are barely able to survive on their income, or wages and earnings, and they have very little to no wealth since it is impossible to save any of their money. Ethnocentrism makes it difficult to obtain a clear picture of the conditions of poverty and inequality in other nations and cultures. There are many theories concerning the causes and solution for poverty in the global economy. The two major theories are the modernization theory which explains inequality in terms of technological and cultural difference between nations, and the dependency theory which explains poverty in terms of the historical exploitation of poor, or low-income, nations by rich, or high-income, nations. This theory has manifest itself in a new way in today’s world in the form of neocolonialism; economic exploitation by multinational corporations. Race and ethnicity is key factor to poverty in the U.S. since an African-American is three times more likely to be in poverty than a non-Hispanic white. People with diffe rent ethnic backgrounds may experience alienation, or discrimination as a result of their differences with the people around them. 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Class in the Great Gatsby and Great Expectations- myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theClass in the Great Gatsby and Great Expectations. Answer: Social class refers to a set of subjectively defined concept in relation to the social sciences that is centered on the model of social stratification. People are grouped together into different social categories on the basis of their position in the society. It is a great subject of analysis for the sociologists and anthropologists. In common usage, it is synonymous with that of the socio-economic class and people who belong to the same socio-economic strata are grouped together. The Great Gatsby written by F. Scott Fitzgerald brings to light the dramatic difference between that of the social classes in the era of the 1920s. The movie opens in an elementary school where some kids have access to a great deal of social capital like that of good looks, games and stylish clothing. They form a part of the in-group and belong to the popular crowd. Those people who are not endowed with these superficial traits are shunned by this popular group and they belong to a different social class. The social divisions continue to stay with the individual even after they emerge into the world of adulthood. Social status becomes all the more solidified in the adult world when the material possessions play a greater role. Adults become all the more segregated on account of the social class. The people who have abundant resources enjoy a different lifestyle as compared to those who do not have it and the world of opulence is portrayed with the help of the house-parties and countr y clubs. In contrast to this, Great Expectations written by Charles Dickens opens with the central character Pip running to the churchyard to look at the headstones of his parents, Philip Pirrip and Georgiana. The terror and helplessness in the life of the young boy is captured when he identifies himself as small bundle of shivers growing afraid. The loneliness in the life of young Pip is shown in the opening scene when he is shown alone in the cemetery. While, the world in The Great Gatsby is shown as being opulent on the other hand Great Expectations shows people struggling for minimal livelihood. He comes across a convict on the Kent marshes and this convict is like the ogre of childhood fairy tale and it introduced the audience to the world of criminality. Pips connection to the world of criminality is laid bare in the opening scene and several symbols in the course of the movie like that of gallow, signpost and the beacon clearly highlights the important role that crime played in the society. The cinematic technique used in the movie The Great Gatsby uses a lot of colours and light that symbolizes the opulent lifestyle of the characters. The fashionable East Egg where Daisy Buchanan lived along with that of Tom Buchanan stands as the epitome of luxury. Buchanans along with that of Jordan Baker live a life that is privileged as shown by the house parties and grand houses. Their class and social status has an important bearing on the way they deal with life. From the perspective of the Marxist, it is control over that of the natural and economic resources that is instrumental within the society to divide people. The haves refer to those people who have control over these aspects as compared to those who do not have control over the natural and economic resources. Class was thus directly related to the factor of wealth within the ambit of the cinema. The Buchanans along with that of Jay Gatsby constitute an integral part of the privileged class which they have received by vi rtue of acquiring property and education. Nick Carraway on the other hand belong to the class of the propertyless intelligentsia and Wilsons on the other hand belong to that of the working class. Great Expectations ranges from that of the low class convict and orphans to that of the poor working class of Joe and Biddy and it extended to that of the wealthy Miss Havisham. Miss Havisham made her fortune by manufacturing beer. A difference thus exists between the class of both the novels. The characters of the novel are not blessed with the fortune of traditional aristocracy and instead make their living by their hard work. They are self-made and they rise in the hierarchies of the society by the dint of their own labour. The characters of Great Expectations seems to be very close to the real world whereas the world as depicted in The Great Gatsby is a world of glamour and opulence an bears close resemblance to the world of films. The characters drown in the world of luxury and are inclined in pursuing money that will embolden them with power. The lighting effect has been used very carefully in the course of the Great Expectations. The world is portrayed in shades of grey, black and white that signifies the world of criminality and the danger lurking in the society. The characters are portrayed in the way they are and the use of minimal sounds highlights the dreary monotonous life of the characters as opposed to the extravagant life of the characters of The Great Gatsby. The bright lights used highlight the opulence of the characters of The Great Gatsby. It portrays the high class and distinctive lifestyle of the characters. Dickens criticizes three problems in the society that plagues the Victorian England: treatment meted out to children, injustice of structure of the social class and inhumanity in relation to government and law. The children were objectified like a cost free commodity in order to support the industrial revolution. The constant beatings that was perpetrated on the character of Philip Pirrip by the guardian Mrs. Joe highlights the sad plight of the poor orphans who were left at the mercy of others in Victorian England. It brings out the dehumanization in relation to the children of Britain. Trabbs Boy who is another young boy of the age of Pip is compelled to work for the tailor and he is objectified and treated like a labour commodity. Estella is also symbolic of the dehumanization in relation to the children. She does not have to work as a child because of the possessions of her guardian, Miss Havisham but she is raised to be an object who listens to all the advices of Miss Havisham. Society was obsessed with that of wealth and many people who worked in the factories were made to work like that of slaves. They had to enter the world at a young age and they had to work around twelve hours a day and were in turn paid a meagre amount. In The Great Gatsby, the decline in the moral values is directly proportional to that of wealth. The greed of the characters in The Great Gatsby was clearly evident and the unwavering belief of the society in the society is made clear in the course of the movie. The narration of the work is done with the help of moral retrospection of the character of Nick Carraway. His criticisms of the greed and carelessness bring to light the perversions in the mind of the people of the upper class . Daisy married Tom Buchanan because at that point of time Tom was far wealthier than that of Jay Gatsby. An expensive necklace is presented as a gift to daisy that makes Daisy accept the marriage proposal of Tom. The shallow mind of the people is thus highlighted with the help of the character of Daisy. At the time of The Victorian era, there was no facility for state education and the lower class people could not send their children to the school and they had to suffer the dismal working conditions of the factories . This injustice plagued the society of the time of Charles Dickens and a society that values the wealth has been brought to the light in the course of the work. In this way, it is similar to the world of Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. Money and social class determined the prestige that one will enjoy in the society. From this point of view, the world can be termed as shallow in relation to both these works and the mentality of the people was narrow. The characters who are poor had moral principles whereas those who are wealthy were the most corrupt and immoral The moral stalwart of Pip is Joe and Joe is looked down upon for his humble means. Later in the course of the work, Pip ridicules him for his humility when he himself becomes wealthy. This hypocrisy suggests the mo ral failure of the society who failed to obey by the right moral code. In The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway enjoys the company of Jordan Baker on account of her fame and position in the society. As Carraway continues to spend more time with the character of Jordan Baker, he realizes that she is afraid from the inside. When Jordan Baker was at a young age, she had to learn about coping mechanisms that would keep her happy in the society. Baker was taught to be fake so that she can tap into the superficial want of the upper classes. Caraway notices that these streaks were present in most of the members of the upper class. The wealthy members of the society twist their individual perspective so that they can gain happiness out of it (The unappealing qualities can be found in the people belonging to the top hierarchy of the society. Towards the end of the novel, when Nick is given the opportunity to continue his profession as New York bondsman or whether to return back home, he prefers his life back home because he feels that the people who come from that of the upper class are to a large extent unhappy and superficial . Towards the end of the novel, Great Expectations, Pip is arrested for debt and put in the prison. He is however spared on account of his failing health. He feels that he is hallucinating the face of Joe but actually Joe has arrived in order to nurse him in his difficult time. Joe though poor is portrayed as a sincere man having great moral principles. Pip and Joe went out for a Sunday outing like the times when they were small. People may be moved by false pretenses but in the end they would prefer the virtuous life. After eleven years, Pip comes back to England. He has learnt the importance of hard work and is happy with a modest life. He works in a mercantile firm that shows that in the end he is contented with a simple, happy life. Money creates a desire in the human nature of greed. When people become wealthy, they want to rise in the social ladder and they become corrupted. The personal values are compromised when one becomes rich. Great Expectations along with that of The Great Gatsby show that the protagonists think that wealth can be used in order to serve the common good but many values are compromised during this process. Pip and Gatsby want to use the money in order to get their love in their life (When trying to achieve these goal, a lot is compromised. When Pip gets the money from unknown benefactor he comes under the guidance of Jaggers and hardly returned to his home town. In the initial stage, his main reason for his return was in order to visit Joe and Biddy but after gaining the social stature he becomes proud and visiting these people becomes laborious for him. These illustrates how social position in the society changes the individual and he starts treating the people in his life from his humbl e beginnings with a lot of scorn. Previously he used to look to Joe as a father figure but later on he does not want to see him because Joe is a blacksmith. The end of the novel of The Great Gatsby reveals Nick assuming responsibility for the final arrangement of Gatsby as no one else was interested ). It shows the shallowness of the people who used to come to his house and indulge in eating and drinking but deserted him in his final hour.The ending highlights the callous nature of the people. Klipspringer completely puts away the issue of the funeral of Gatsby and shamelessly asks Nick about a pair of shoes. Elevated status in terms of wealth compels an individual to crave for more and increased want results in bending the rules in order to serve the self-interest of a person. It is found throughout the world that individuals who have a high social status tend to look down upon the poor and those who are less fortunate as compared to that of other people. People who have money and social status became less ethical in their dealings with the society ). The rich people have a tendency to act for their own narrow and selfish interest. Different positions occupied by individuals in the society thus give rise to divergent social values. Overarching value is related to money in the complex world of today. Ethical values should be the priority of an individual but once people acquire wealth and social status the principles are compromised and serving their narrow interest becomes their main agenda. The decadence of moral principles has become a grave topic in the complex environment of the mode rn world and rigorous thinking is required to change the mindset of an individual.

Temperature Controlled Led free essay sample

TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED LED A Mini Project Report Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the award of degree of BACHELOR OT TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING BY Name (Reg. no) N. V. R. Srikar 08P71A0216 M. Vivek Viswanath 08P71A0230 Under the Esteemed Guidance of Mrs N. Swarnalatha [pic] DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGG. SWAMI VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY(Approved by AICTE New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad) Mahboob College Campus, Rashtra Pathi Road, Secunderabad-500043 TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED LED A Mini Project Report Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the award of degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING BY Name (Reg. no) M. Vivek Viswanath 08P71A0230 Under the Esteemed Guidance of Mrs. N. Swarnalatha [pic] DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGG. SWAMI VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (Approved by AICTE New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad) Mahboob College Campus, Rashtra Pathi Road, Secunderabad-50004 SWAMI VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING) (Approved by A. We will write a custom essay sample on Temperature Controlled Led or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I. C. T. E. New Delhi,Affiliated to JNTU,Hyderabad) Mahboob College Campus,Rashtra Pathi Road,Secunderabad-500043 ____________________________________________________________ _ Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Mini Project report entitled â€Å"TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED LED† is being submitted by the following students in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh is record of bonafide work carried out during the academic year 2010-2011. N. V. R. Srikar 08P71A0216 M. Vivek Viswanath 08P71A0230 Under the supervision and guidance of Internal Guide Head of Department ACKNOWLEDGEMENT With great pleasure we want to take this opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude to all the people who helped in making this mini project work a grand success. We express our deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Madhu for  his constant guidance throughout our mini project  work. We are grateful to Mrs N. Swarnalatha for  valuable suggestions and guidance given by  during the execution of this mini project work. We would like to thank  Mrs. N. Swarnalatha, Head of the  Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for being   moral   support throughout the period of our study in  Swami Vivekananda Institute Of Technology. First of all we are highly indebted to Principal Dr. S. Kesavan, for giving us the permission to carry out this mini project. We would like to thank the Teaching and Non-Teaching staff of EEE department for sharing their knowledge with us. Last but not the least we express our sincere thanks to Chairman Dr. N. Prem Narayan and Secretary Dr. K Anil Kumar, Swami Vivekananda Institute of Technology, for their continuous care towards our achievements. Mr N. V. R. Srikar Mr M. Vivek Viswanath ACKNOWLEDGEMENT With great pleasure we want to take this opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude to all the people who helped in making this mini project work a grand success. We express our deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Madhu for  his constant guidance throughout our mini project  work. We are grateful to Mrs N. Swarnalatha for  valuable suggestions and guidance given by  during the execution of this mini project work. We would like to thank  Mrs. N. Swarnalatha, Head of the  Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for being moral   support throughout the period of our study in  Swami Vivekananda Institute Of Technology. First of all we are highly indebted to Principal Dr. S. Kesavan, for giving us the permission to carry out this mini project. We would like to thank the Teaching and Non-Teaching staff of EEE department for sharing their knowledge with us. Last but not the least we express our sincere thanks to Chairman Dr. N. Prem Narayan and Secretary Dr. K Anil Kumar, Swami Vivekananda Institute of Technology, for their continuous care towards our achievements. Mr M. Vivek Viswanath CONTENTS Title Pg. No Introduction 7 Circuit Diagram 8 Components Used 9 Working 10 Light Emitting Diode 11 Voltage Regulator 12 Transformer 15 Integrated Circuit(IC) 16 Basic structure of IC 18 Classification 19 Advantages 22 Limitations 23 LM35(Temperature Sensor) 23 Operational Amplifier 24 Ideal Op-Am 25 Applications 27 IC CA3130 29 Transistor 31 Advantages 33 Limitations 33 Conclusion 34 Bibliography 35 INTRODUCTION How many times you were victim to the hot water from your shower or washbasin? How many times components of your machine or gadgets were subjected to overheating? To compromise these problems we can use a light emitting diode (LED) to warn us if there is an increase in temperature, it can warn us if our machines temperature raises or the water coming from your shower or washbasin is hot or cold accordingly. Temperature controlled light emitting diodes (LEDs) are now-a-days used in many appliances. ADVANTAGES: ? Low power consumption ? Safety ? Automatic operation CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Temperature Controlled LED [pic] Circuit to convert the supply (220V AC 50Hz) to input(9V DC): [pic] Components used: †¢ Integrated Circuits IC1 7805 IC2 LM35 IC3 CA3130 †¢ Resistors R1 10K ohms R2 1K ohms R3 10K ohms R4 220 ohms R5 10K ohms R6 220 ohms †¢ Capacitors C1 100uF C2 10uF C3 1000uF †¢ Diodes D1 LED Red D2 LED Green D3 IN4007 D4 IN4007 D5 IN4007 D6 IN4007 †¢ Transformer 9V-0-9V †¢ Transistor Q1 BC107 Q2 BC557 WORKING An LED lamp (LED light bulb) is a solid-state lamp that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the source of light. LED lamps are used for both general and special-purpose lighting. LEDs glow according to the temperature in â€Å"Temperature controlled LEDs†. The circuit has two LEDs (D1 and D2), whose status are controlled by the temperature of the surroundings. The famous IC LM35 is used as the temperature sensor here. Output of LM35 raises by 10mV per degree rise in temperature. Output of LM35 is connec ted to the non-inverting input of the op-amp CA3130. The inverting input of the same op-amp can be given with the required reference voltage using R2. If the reference voltage is 0. 8V, then the voltage at the non-inverting input (output of LM35) becomes 0. 8V when the temperature is 80 degree Celsius. At this point the output of IC3 goes to positive saturation. This makes the transistor Q1 On and LED D1 glows. Since the base of Q2 is connected to the collector of Q1, Q2 will be switched OFF and LED D2 remains OFF. When the temperature is below 45 degree Celsius the reverse happens. IC1 produces a stable 5V DC working voltage from the available 9V DC supply. Light Emitting Diode (LED) [pic] Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor light sources. The light emitted from LEDs varies from visible to infrared and ultraviolet regions. They operate on low voltage and power. LEDs are one of the most common electronic components and are mostly used as indicators in circuits. They are also used for luminance and optoelectronic applications. Based on semiconductor diode, LEDs emit photons when electrons recombine with holes on forward biasing. The two terminals of LEDs are anode (+) and cathode (-) and can be identified by their size. The longer leg is the positive terminal or anode and shorter one is negative terminal. The forward voltage of LED (1. 7V-2. 2V) is lower than the voltage supplied (5V) to drive it in a circuit. Using an LED as such would burn it because a high current would destroy its p-n gate. Therefore a current limiting resistor is used in series with LED. Without this resistor, either low input voltage (equal to forward voltage) or PWM (pulse width modulation) is used to drive the LED. VOLTAGE REGULATOR: A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or active electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages. With the exception of shunt regulators, all modern electronic voltage regulators operate by comparing the actual output voltage to some internal fixed reference voltage. Any difference is amplified and used to control the regulation element. This forms a negative feedback servo control loop. If the output voltage is too low, the regulation element is commanded to produce a higher voltage. For some regulators if the output voltage is too high, the regulation element is commanded to produce a lower voltage; however, many just stop sourcing current and depend on the current draw of whatever it is driving to pull the voltage back down. In this way, the output voltage is held roughly constant. The control loop must be carefully designed to produce the desired tradeoff between stability and speed of response [pic] IC voltage regulators are three-terminal devices that provide a constant DC output voltage that is independent of the input voltage, output load current, and temperature. There are three types of IC voltage regulators: †¢ IC linear voltage regulators †¢ IC switching voltage regulators †¢ DC/DC converter chips IC linear voltage regulators use an active pass element to reduce the input voltage to a regulated output voltage. By contrast, IC switching voltage regulators store energy in an inductor, transformer, or capacitor and then use this storage device to transfer energy from the input to the output in discrete packets over a low-resistance switch. DC/DC converter chips, a third type of IC voltage regulators, also provide a regulated  DC voltage output from a different, unregulated input voltage. In addition, DC/DC converters are provide noise isolation regulate power buses. For each type of IC voltage regulator, the output voltage can be fixed or adjusted to a value within a specified range. Performance specifications for IC voltage regulators include regulated output voltage, output current, and dropout voltage, quiescent current and operating temperature. The regulated output voltage (Volt) represents minimum and maximum amounts in  continuous mode DC. The output current (IOUT)  is measured under specified conditions. Dropout voltage (VD) is the minimum voltage drop across the regulator that maintains output voltage regulation. IC voltage regulators that operate with small dropout voltages dissipate less internal power, but have relatively high efficiencies. Measured in amperes (A) during the idling state, the quiescent current never makes it to the load. Instead, it flows from the battery to power the regulator itself, the operating temperature is a full-required range IC voltage regulators are available with a variety of features. Some devices have more than one output or channel. Others have an internal circuit to control the amount of current produced, or an error flag for monitoring outputs that drop below a nominal value. Reverse voltage protection prevents damage in applications where users can accidentally reverse battery polarity. Thermal shutdown protection turns off IC voltage regulators when the temperature exceeds a predefined limit. Shutdown (inhibit) pins are used to disable regulator outputs. IC voltage regulators are available in a variety of IC package types. Dual in-line packages can be made of ceramic or plastic. Quad flat packages contain a large number of fine, flexible, gull wing shaped leads. SC-70, one of the smallest available IC packages, is well-suited for applications where space is extremely limited. Small outline (SO) packages are available with 8, 14, or 20 pins. Transistor outline (TO) packages are commonly available. TO-92 is a single in-line package used for low power devices. TO-220 is suitable for high power, medium-current, and fast-switching products. TO-263 is the surface-mount version of the TO-220 package. Other IC packages for IC voltage regulators include shrink small outline package (SSOP), small outline integrated circuit (SOIC), small outline package (SOP), small outline J-lead (SOJ), discrete package (DPAK), and power package (PPAK). TRANSFORMER: A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled electrical conductors. A changing current in the first circuit (the primary) creates a changing magnetic field; in turn, this magnetic field induces a changing voltage in the second circuit (the secondary). By adding a load to the secondary circuit, one can make current flow in the transformer, thus transferring energy from one circuit to the other. The secondary induced voltage VS, of an ideal transformer, is scaled from the primary VP by a factor equal to the ratio of the number of turns of wire in their respective windings:By appropriate selection of the numbers of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating voltage to be stepped up — by making NS more than NP — or stepped down, by making it less. Transformers are some of the most efficient electrical machines, with some large units able to transfer 99. 75% of their input power to their output. Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect portions of national power grids. All operate with the same basic principles, though a variety of designs exist to perform specialized roles throughout home and industry. [pic] INTEGRATED CIRCUIT : In the early 1960 a new field of â€Å"mind electronics† was born primarily to meet the needs of the military, which wanted to reduce the size of the electronic circuits called integrated circuits (IC’S) ,which are so small that technicians using microscopes do their construction. Microelectronics is the branch of electronics engineering which details with microcircuits. Microcircuits are simply a miniature assembly of electronic components. One type of such circuit is the integrated circuit, generally abbreviated as â€Å"IC†. An IC has various omponents such as resistors, on a small semiconductor chip. Now circuits containing hundreds if components are fabricated on a small semiconductor chip to produce an IC is a fascinating feat of microelectronics. 1. Integrated circuits consist of a single crystal chip of silicon, typically 50 to 1 mm by 1mm in cross section, containing both active and passive elements and their interconnections. Electronics circuits have b een assembled from individual components for more than half a century. During this time, a circuit designer had a large number of different components available to him. 2. His job was confined to the proper selection and use of resistors capacitors, inductors, vacuum tubes or transistors, His choice of components was governed by such considerations availability, reliability, cost, size or weight. Integrated circuits design requires a different approach. The shapes, size and fabrication of the components in integrated circuits are vastly different. An IC is an electrical network formed upon a substrate made from semiconductor or insulating materials. [pic] BASIC STRUCTURE OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: This consists of the following four lower of different materials. 1. The first is P-type silicon layer and is 120? m thick this serves as a substrate upon which the IC is to be built. The second layer of IC of N-type material, this layer is only 20? m thick. All active and passive components are fabricated within this layer using a number of diffusion steps. In fabrication within this layer using a number of diffusion steps. 2. The entire above component it is necessary to diffuse impurities in certain precisely defined regions within this layer. The most complicated components fabricated are the transistor. 3. The third layer is of silicon dioxide material. This provides protection of the semiconductor material surface against contamination. 4. This is also called as a barrier in the selective diffusion of impurities in second layer, and protects portions of the water against impurity penetration. In these regions where diffusion id to take place, the Si2 layer is etched away, leaving the rest of the water protected against diffusion the Si2 layer must be subjected to photolithographic process to permit selective etching. 5. The fourth layer is a metallic layer made up of aluminum and is added to supply the necessary interconnections between different fabricated components. CLASSIFICATION The IC’s are classified as 1. Monolithic 2. Hybrid 1. In monolithic IC’s all components are formed simultaneously through diffusion process. 2. In hybrids IC’s the passive components (such as resistors, capacitors) and Inter connections between them are formed in an insulating substrate. IC’s are again classified based on the mode of operation. They are:- 1. Digital IC’s 2. Linear IC’s DIGITAL IC’S: They are the computer functioning logic networks that are equivalent of basic trainer logic circuit. They are used to form circuits such as gates, counters, and multiplexers, DE multiplexers etc. Since it is a complete designed package IC usually requires only one power supply with suitable components LINEAR IC’S: Linear IC is equivalent to discrete transistors network such as amplifier. They often require additional components for satisfactory operation. Ex; External resistors are required to control the voltage gain and the frequency response of an operational – Amplifier. In linear IC circuits the output electrical signal varies with respects to input. They are referred as analog circuits. [pic] ADVANTAGES: Some of the advantages offered by integrated circuit technology as compared with discrete components interconnected by conventional technique are as follows : Small size. Low cost due to the processing of large quantities of the components. Inter connections errors are non-existent. Temperature, differences between the parts if a circuit are small. Close matching of components and temperature coefficients is possible. Active device can be generously used, as they are cheaper than passive components. Economics are achieved in the cost of manufacture and inter connection of element of a system. High stability and reliability because all components are fabricated simultaneously and there are no soldered joints. Because of low cost, more complex circuitry may be used to obtain better functional characteristics. Hence there is improved performance. LIMITATIONS: †¢ If any component in an IC goes out of order whole IC has to be replaced. †¢ In an IC it’s neither convenient nor economical to fabricate capacitors exceeding 30pf therefore for high values of capacitance discrete, components exterior to IC chip are connected. It is not possible to fabricate inductors and transformers on the surface of the semiconductor on chip. Therefore these components are connected exterior to the chip. †¢ It is not possible to produce high power IC’s. LM35 (IC Temperature Sensor): LM35 is a precision IC temperature sensor with its output proportional to the temperature (in  oC). The sensor circuitry is sealed and therefore it is not subjected to oxidation and other processes. With LM35, temperature can be measured more accurately than with a thermistor. It also possess low self-heating and does not cause more than 0. 1  oC temperature rise in still air. The operating temperature range is from -55 °C to 150 °C. The output voltage varies by 10mV in response to every  oC rise/fall in ambient temperature,  i. e. ,  its scale factor is 0. 01V/  oC. [pic] OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER: An operational amplifier, often called an op-amp, is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with differential inputs [1] and, usually, a single output. Typically the output of the op-amp is controlled either by negative feedback, which largely determines the magnitude of its output voltage gain, or by positive feedback, which facilitates regenerative gain and oscillation. High input impedance at the input terminals and low output impedance are important typical characteristics. Op-amps are among the most widely used electronic devices today, being used in a vast array of consumer, industrial, and scientific devices. Many standard IC op-amps cost only a few cents in moderate production volume. Modern designs are electronically more rugged than earlier implementations and some can sustain direct short-circuits on their outputs without damage. CIRCUIT NOTIFICATION: Circuit diagram symbol for an op-amp The circuit symbol for an op-amp is shown in Figure 1 Where: V+: non-inverting input V? : inverting input[pic] Vout: output VS+: positive power supply VS? : negative power supply The power supply pins (VS+ and VS? ) can be labeled in different ways (See IC power supply pins). Despite different labeling, the function remains the same. Often these pins are left out of the diagram for clarity, and the power configuration is described or assumed from the circuit. OPERATION OF IDEAL OP-AMPS: The amplifiers differential inputs consist of an inverting input and a non-inverting input, and ideally the op-amp amplifies only the difference in voltage between the two. This is called the differential input voltage. In its most common use, the op-amps output voltage is controlled by feeding a fraction of the output signal back to the inverting input. This is known as negative feedback. If that fraction is zero, i. e. , there is no negative feedback, the amplifier is said to be running open loop and its output is the differential input voltage multiplied by the total gain of the amplifier, as shown by the following equation: [pic] where V+ is the voltage at the non-inverting terminal, V? is the voltage at the inverting terminal and G is the total open-loop gain of the amplifier. Because the magnitude of the open-loop gain is typically very large and not well controlled by the manufacturing process, op-amps are not usually used without negative feedback. Unless the differential input voltage is extremely small, open-loop operation results in op-amp saturation (see below in nonlinear imperfections). An example of how the output voltage is calculated when negative feedback exists is shown below in Basic non-inverting amplifier circuit. Another typical configuration of op-amps is the positive feedback, which takes a fraction of the output signal back to the non-inverting input. An important application of it is the comparator with hysteresis (see Schmitt trigger). For any input voltages the ideal op-amp has †¢ infinite open-loop gain, †¢ infinite bandwidth, †¢ infinite input impedances (resulting in zero input currents), †¢ zero offset voltage, †¢ infinite slew rate, †¢ zero output impedance, and zero noise. The inputs of an ideal op-amp under negative feedback can be modeled using a nullator, the output with a norator and the combination (complete ideal op-amp) by a nullor. DISADVANTAGES OF OP-AMPS: Op-amps can only approach this ideal: in addition to the practical limitations on slew rate, bandwidth, offset and so forth mentioned above, real op-amp parameters are subject to drift over time and with changes in temperature, input conditions, etc. Modern integrated FET or MOSFET op-amps approximate more closely the ideal op-amp than bipolar ICs where large signals must be handled at room temperature over a limited bandwidth; input impedance, in particular, is much higher, although the bipolar op-amps usually exhibit superior (i. e. , lower) input offset drift and noise characteristics. Where the limitations of real devices can be ignored, an op-amp can be viewed as a black box with gain; circuit function and parameters are determined by feedback, usually negative. IC op-amps as implemented in practice are moderately complex integrated circuits; see the internal circuitry for the relatively simple 741 op-amp below, for example. APPLICATIONS : Use in electronics system design The use of op-amps as circuit blocks is much easier and clearer than specifying all their individual circuit elements (transistors, resistors, etc. , whether the amplifiers used are integrated or discrete. In the first approximation op-amps can be used as if they were ideal differential gain blocks; at a later stage limits can be placed on the acceptable range of parameters for each op-amp. Circuit design follows the same lines for all electronic circuits. A specification is drawn up governing what the circuit is required to do, with allowable limits. For example, the gain may be required to be 100 times, with a tolerance of 5% but drift of less than 1% in a specified temperature range; the input impedance not less than 1 megohm; etc. A basic circuit is designed, often with the help of circuit modeling (on a computer). Specific commercially available op-amps and other components are then chosen that meet the design criteria within the specified tolerances at acceptable cost. If not all criteria can be met, the specification may need to be modified. A prototype is then built and tested; changes to meet or improve the specification, alter functionality, or reduce the cost, may be made. Basic non-inverting amplifier circuit The general op-amp has two inputs and one output. The output voltage is a multiple of the difference between the two inputs (some are made with floating, differential outputs): Vout = G(V+ ? V? ) G is the open-loop gain of the op-amp. The inputs are assumed to have very high impedance; negligible current will flow into or out of the inputs. Op-amp outputs have very low source impedance. If the output is connected to the inverting input, after being scaled by a voltage divider K = R1 / (R1 + R2), then: V+ = Vin V? = K Vout Vout = G(Vin ? K Vout) Solving for Vout / Vin, we see that the result is a linear amplifier with gain: Vout/Vin = G /(1 + G K) If G is very large, Vout/Vin comes close to 1/K, which equals 1 + (R2/R1). This negative feedback connection is the most typical use of an op-amp, but many different configurations are possible, making it one of the most versatile of all electronic building blocks. When connected in a negative feedback configuration, the op-amp will try to make Vout whatever voltage is necessary to make the input voltages as nearly equal as possible. This, and the high input impedance, is sometimes called the two golden rules of op-amp design (for circuits that use egative feedback): †¢ No current will flow into the inputs. †¢ The input voltages will be nearly equal. The exception is if the voltage required is greater than the op-amps supply, in which case the output signal stops near the power supply rails, VS+ or VS?. Most single, dual and quad op-amps available have a standardized pin-out which permits one type to be substituted for another without wiring changes. A specific op-amp may b e chosen for its open loop gain, bandwidth, noise performance, input impedance, power consumption, or a compromise between any of these factors IC CA3130: CA3130 are integrated-circuit operational ampli? ers that combine the advantage of both CMOS and bipolar transistors on a monolithic chip. Gate-protected p-channel MOSFET (PMOS) transistors are used in the input circuit to provide very-high-input impedance, very-low-input current, and exceptional speed performance. The use of PMOS ? eld-effect transistors in the input stage results in common-mode input-voltage capability down to 0. 5 volt below the negative-supply terminal, an important attribute in single-supply applications. A complementary-symmetry MOS (CMOS) transistor-pair, capable of swinging the output voltage to within 10 millivolts of either supply-voltage terminal (at very high values of load impedance), is employed as the output circuit. The CA3130 Series circuits operate at supply voltages ranging from 5 to 16 volts, or  ±2. 5 to  ±8 volts when using split supplies. They can be phase compensated with a single external capacitor, and have terminals for adjustment of offset voltage for applications requiring offset-null capability. Terminal provisions can also made to permit strobing of the output stage. The CA3130A offers superior input characteristics over those of the CA3130. Applications: †¢ Fast Sample-Hold Ampli? ers †¢ Long-Duration Timers/Monostables †¢ High-Input-Impedance Comparators(Ideal Interface with Digital CMOS) †¢ High-Input-Impedance Wideband Ampli? ers †¢ Voltage Followers (e. g. Follower for Single-Supply D/A Converter) †¢ Voltage Regulators (Permits Control of Output Voltage Down to Zero Volts) †¢ Peak Detectors †¢ Single-Supply Full-Wave Precision Recti? ers [pic] TRANSISTORS: [pic] A  transistor  is a  semiconductor  device  used to  amplify  and switch  electronic  signals. It is composed of a semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistors terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output)  power  can be much more than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can  amplify  a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in  integrated circuits. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern  electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its release in the early 1950s the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper  radios,  calculators, and  computers, among other things. The transistor is the key active component in practically all modern  electronics. Many consider it to be one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century. Its importance in todays society rests on its ability to be  mass produced  using a highly automated process (semiconductor device fabrication) that achieves astonishingly low per-transistor costs. The invention of the first transistor at  Bell Labs was named an  IEEE Milestone  in 2009. Although several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as  discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors now are produced in  integrated circuits  (often shortened to  IC,  microchips  or simply  chips), along with  diodes,  resistors,  capacitors  and other  electronic components, to produce complete electronic circuits. A  logic gate  consists of up to about twenty transistors whereas an advanced microprocessor, as of 2011, can use as many as 3 billion transistors (MOSFETs). About 60 million transistors were built this year [2002] for [each] man, woman, and child on Earth. The transistors low cost, flexibility, and reliability have made it a ubiquitous device. Transistorized  mechatronic  circuits have replaced  electromechanical devices  in controlling appliances and machinery. It is often easier an d cheaper to use a standard  microcontroller  and write a  computer program  to carry out a control function than to design an equivalent mechanical control function. The  bipolar junction transistor  (BJT) was the most commonly used transistor in the 1960s and 70s. Even after MOSFETs became widely available, the BJT remained the transistor of choice for many analog circuits such as simple amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of manufacture. Desirable properties of MOSFETs, such as their utility in low-power devices, usually in the  CMOS configuration, allowed them to capture nearly all market share for digital circuits; more recently MOSFETs have captured most analog and power applications as well, including modern clocked analog circuits, voltage regulators, amplifiers, power transmitters and motor drivers. Advantages The key advantages that have allowed transistors to replace their vacuum tube predecessors in most applications are †¢ Small size and minimal weight, allowing the development of miniaturized electronic devices. †¢ Highly automated manufacturing processes, resulting in low per-unit cost. †¢ Lower possible operating voltages, making transistors suitable for small, battery-powered applications. †¢ No warm-up period for cathode heaters required after power application. †¢ Lower power dissipation and generally greater energy efficiency. †¢ Higher reliability and greater physical ruggedness. Extremely long life. Some transistorized devices have been in service for more than 50 years. †¢ Complementary devices available, facilitating the design of  complementary-symmetry  circuits, something not possible with vacuum tubes. †¢ Insensitivity to mechanical shock and vibration, thus avoiding the problem of  micro phonics  in audio applications. Lim itations Silicon transistors typically do not operate at voltages higher than about 1000  volts  (SiC  devices can be operated as high as 3000 volts). In contrast, vacuum tubes have been developed that can be operated at tens of thousands of volts. High-power, high-frequency operation, such as that used in over-the-air  television broadcasting, is better achieved in vacuum tubes due to improved  electron mobility  in a vacuum. Silicon transistors are much more vulnerable than vacuum tubes to an  electromagnetic pulse  generated by a high-altitude  nuclear explosion. CONCLUSION: We can conclude that the LED glows when there is variation in room temperature. And the room temperature is sensed by a temperature sensor IC LM35. The circuit is named as â€Å"Automatic temperature controlled LED†. APPLICATIONS: This can be used in machines, home appliances to show change in temperature. ? We can even connect an alarm to raise an alarm if there is a temperature raise. ? It can be used in showers and wash basins to indicate that the water is hot. ? It can be used in PC’s where overheating may damage the system. BIBLIOGRAPHY; ? THEORY AND PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRICAL MECHINES. By: J. B. GUPTA ? ELECTRONICS DEVICES AND CIRCUITS By: JOCOB MILLIMEN ? ELECTRONICS FOR YOU. OCTOBER- 2008 MAGAZINE ? POWER ELECRONICS By: M D SINGH K B KHANCHANDANI P S BIMBRA ? ELECTRICAL MACHINES By: A. K. TEREJA B. L. TEREJA P. S. BIMHBRA

Abigail Dane Faulkner - Salem Witch Trials

Abigail Dane Faulkner - Salem Witch Trials Abigail Dane Faulkner Facts Known for:  convicted and sentenced but never executed  in the 1692  Salem witch trials; her pregnancy led to her sentence being suspendedOccupation:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"goodwife† - homemakerAge at time of Salem witch trials:  Dates:  October 13, 1652 – February 5, 1730Also known as: Abigail Faulkner Sr., Abigail Faulkner, Dane was also spelled Dean or Deane, Faulkner was also spelled Forknor or Falkner Family, Background: Mother: Elizabeth Ingalls Father: Rev. Francis Dane (1651 – 1732), son of Edmund Faulkner and Dorothy Raymond Husband: Francis Faulkner (Lieutenant), from another prominent Andover family, married October 12, 1675 Siblings: Hannah Dane (1636 – 1642), Albert Dane (1636 – 1642), Mary Clark Dane Chandler (1638 – 1679, 7 children, 5 alive in 1692), Elizabeth Dane Johnson (1641 – 1722), Francis Dane (1642 – before 1656), Nathaniel Dane (1645 – 1725, married to Deliverance Dane), Albert Dane (1645 - ?), Hannah Dane Goodhue (1648 – 1712), Phebe Dane Robinson (1650 – 1726) Children: Elizabeth, 1676 - 1678Elizabeth, 1678 - 1735, married John BurtrickPaul, 1680 – 1749, married Sarah Lamson and Hannah SheffieldDorothy, 1680 - 1740, married Samuel NurseAbigail, 1683 - 1746, married Thomas LamsonFrances, 1686 - 1736, married Daniel FaulknerEdmund, 1688 - 1731, married Elizabeth Marston, then Dorcas Buckston, then Dorothy RobinsonAmmi Ruhamah (â€Å"my people have obtained mercy†), March 20, 1693 - 1756, married Hannah Ingalls Her grandson Francis Faulkner fought in the Battle of Concord during the American Revolution, and was in charge of the regiment guarding prisoner of war General John Burgoyne. Abigail Dane Faulkner Before the Salem Witch Trials Francis Faulkner’s father in 1675 bequeathed his estate to his eldest son, Francis, the same year that Francis and Abigail married, when Abigail was 23 years old. The father died in 1687, and Francis inherited most of the rest of the estate, with only a small portion given to his sisters and brothers.   Thus Francis and Abigail were quite wealthy while young, and possibly envied by neighbors. Soon after his father died in 1687, Francis became very ill. He was afflicted with convulsions and mental symptoms affecting memory, leaving him often confused.   Abigail, then in her mid-30s, was therefore in control of the land, property and operation of the family farm. Abigail’s father had been the Andover minister for over 40 years when the trials began.   He had spoken against the likelihood of another charge of witchcraft in 1658. In the 1680s, he had successfully sued Andover residents in a salary dispute. Abigail Dane Faulkner and the Salem Witch Trials Rev. Dane is said to have criticized the witch accusations early in the proceedings in 1692.   This may have put his family members at risk. On August 10, Abigail Faulkner’s niece, Elizabeth Johnson Jr., was arrested and confessed. In her confession the next day, she mentioned using a poppet to afflict others.    Abigail was then arrested on August 11 and taken to Salem. She was examined by Jonathan Corwin, John Hathorne and Captain John Higginson. She was accused by Ann Putnam, Mary Warren and others. William Barker Sr. also accused Abigail and her sister, Elizabeth Johnson Sr., of enticing him to sign the devil’s book; he had named George Burroughs as the ringleader. George Burroughs was among those hanged on August 19.   Abigail refused to confess, saying the devil must be afflicting the girls, who reacted with fits when she was examined. On August 29, an arrest warrant was issued for Elizabeth Johnson Sr., Abigail’s sister, and Elizabeth’s daughter Abigail Johnson, eleven. Elizabeth’s son Stephen (14) may also have been arrested at that time. On August 30, Abigail Faulkner Sr. was  examined  in prison. She admitted to having had ill will towards the crowd of neighbors who taunted her niece, Elizabeth Johnson Jr., when she was arrested. The next day her sister Elizabeth was examined. She asserted that Abigail, who was also in court, would tear her to pieces if she confessed.   Elizabeth Sr. accused several others as witches as well, including saying that she was afraid that her son Stephen was also a witch. On August 31, both sisters, Abigail Faulkner and Elizabeth Johnson, confessed, including to have inflicted Martha Sprague. Abigail and her son both described a gathering where they were baptized by the devil.   Rebecca Eames  was also examined, a second time, and implicated Abigail Faulkner among others. Abigail’s nephew Stephen was examined on September 1; he confessed. Somewhere around September 8, two of the afflicted girls were called to Andover to determine the cause of an illness afflicting Joseph Ballard and his wife.   Neighbors were tested by blindfolding them and placing their hands on the afflicted persons; Deliverance Dane, a sister-in-law of Abigail Faulkner married to her brother Nathaniel Dane, was among those arrested and taken to Salem, where they confessed under pressure, still in shock at their arrest.   When they tried to recant, they were reminded that Samuel Wardwell had renounced his confession of September 1 and was later in September convicted and condemned to be executed.   A fragment of a record about Deliverance Dane’s confession is all the record that can be found of this; that confession under examination was on September 8. On September 16, Abigail Dane Faulkner’s daughter, Abigail Faulkner Jr., age nine, was accused. She and her sister Dorothy, twelve, were examined and confessed.   They stated that their mother had brought them to witchcraft, and named others: â€Å"thire mother apared and mayd them witches and also marth [a] Tyler Johanah Tyler: and Sarih Willson and Joseph draper all acknowlidge that they ware lead into that dradfull sin of witchcrift by hir meanse.† The next day, September 17, the court convicted Abigail Dane Faulkner, along with Rebecca Eames, Ann Foster, Abigail Hobbs, Mary Lacey, Mary Parker, Wilmott Redd, Margaret Scott and Samuel Wardwell, and they were condemned to be executed. On September 18, Ann Putnam testified to being afflicted by Abigail Faulkner Sr. on August 9.   A jury found Abigail guilty of afflicting Martha Sprague and Sarah Phelps, and condemned her to execution.   Abigail was pregnant, so the sentence was delayed. Martha Corey,  Mary Easty, Alice Parker, Mary Parker, Ann Pudeator, Wilmott Redd, Margaret Scott and Samuel Wardwell were hanged for witchcraft on September 22. It was the last hanging in the Salem witch trials. The  Court of Oyer and Terminer  stopped meeting. Abigail Faulkner Sr.  After the Trials Dorothy Faulkner and Abigail Faulkner Jr. were released on recognizance on October 6 to the care of John Osgood Sr. and Nathaniel Dane, Abigail Dane Faulkner’s brother.   On the same date, Stephen Johnson, Abigail Johnson and Sarah Carrier were released.   Each release cost 500 pounds. On October 18, 25 citizens, including Rev. Francis Dane, wrote a letter condemning the trials, addressed to the governor and the General Court. Abigail Dane Faulkner petitioned the governor for clemency in October.   He had her released her from prison.   She claimed that her husband’s illness and gotten worse and that no one could watch their children. In early January, Abigail’s father, the Rev. Francis Dane, wrote to fellow ministers that, knowing the people of Andover where he served as senior minister, I believe many innocent persons have been accused and imprisoned. He denounced the use of spectral evidence. A similar missive signed by 41 men and 12 women of Andover was sent to the Salem court. Several of Rev. Danes family had been accused and imprisoned, including two daughters, a daughter-in-law and several grandchildren. Two of his family members, his daughter Abigail Faulkner and his granddaughter Elizabeth Johnson, Jr., had been sentenced to death. Another undated petition to the Salem court of Assize, probably from January, is on record from more than 50 Andover â€Å"neighbors† on behalf of Mary Osgood, Eunice Fry, Deliverance Dane, Sarah Wilson Sr. and Abigail Barker, asserting their innocence, good character and piety, and protesting the pressure placed on them to confess. A petition dated March 18 was submitted by residents of Andover, Salem Village and Topsfield on behalf of Rebecca Nurse, Mary Easty, Abigail Faulkner, Mary Parker, John and Elizabeth Proctor, Elizabeth How and Samuel and Sarah Wardwell – all but Abigail Faulkner, Elizabeth Proctor and Sarah Wardwell had been executed – asking the court to exonerate them for the sake of their relatives and descendants.   Among those who signed were Francis and Abigail Faulkner and Nathaniel and Francis Dane (see timeline for the complete list of signers). On March 20, 1693, Abigail gave birth to her last child, and named him Ammi Ruhamah, meaning â€Å"my people have obtained mercy,† in honor of her release from her conviction and escape from execution. In 1700, Abigail’s daughter, Abigail Faulkner Jr., asked the Massachusetts General Court to reverse her conviction.   In March of 1703 (then called 1702), residents of Andover, Salem Village and Topsfield petitioned on behalf of Rebecca Nurse, Mary Easty, Abigail Faulkner, Mary Parker, John and Elizabeth Proctor, Elizabeth How and Samuel and Sarah Wardwell – all but Abigail Faulkner, Elizabeth Proctor and Sarah Wardwell had been executed – asking the court to exonerate them for the sake of their relatives and descendants. In June of 1703, Abigail Faulkner petitioned the court in Massachusetts to exonerate her of the charge of witchcraft. The court agreed, ruling that spectral evidence could no longer be considered, and ruled that a bill of attainder be drawn up to reverse her conviction.   In May of 1709, Francis Faulkner joined with Philip English and others to submit yet another petition on behalf of themselves and their relatives, to the Governor and the General Assembly of Massachusetts Bay Province, asking for reconsideration and remuneration.   (Given Francis’ illness, it is possible that Abigail Faulkner actually arranged his participation.) 1711: The  legislature of the Province of Massachusetts Bay  restored all rights to those who had been accused in the 1692 witch trials. Included were Abigail Faulkner, George Burroughs, John Proctor, George Jacob, John Willard, Giles and  Martha Corey,  Rebecca Nurse,  Sarah Good, Elizabeth How,  Mary Easty, Sarah Wilds, Abigail Hobbs, Samuel Wardell, Mary Parker,  Martha Carrier, Anne Foster, Rebecca Eames, Mary Post, Mary Lacey, Mary Bradbury and Dorcas Hoar. Motives Motives for accusing Abigail Faulkner could include her position of wealth and the fact that, as a woman, she had unusual control over property and wealth.   Motives could also include her father’s known critical attitude towards the trials; in all, he had two daughters, a daughter-in-law and five grandchildren caught up in the accusations and trails. Abigail Dane Faulkner in  The Crucible Abigail and the rest of the Andover Dane extended family are not characters in Arthur Miller’s play about the Salem witch trials, The Crucible. Abigail Dane Faulkner in  Salem, 2014 series Abigail and the rest of the Andover Dane extended family are not characters in the Salem TV series.

Definition of Gothic Literature

Definition of Gothic Literature In the most general terms,  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Gothic literature can be defined as writing that employs dark and picturesque scenery, startling and melodramatic narrative devices, and an overall atmosphere of exoticism, mystery, fear, and dread. Often, a Gothic novel or story will revolve around a large, ancient house that conceals a terrible secret or that serves as the refuge of an especially frightening and threatening character. Despite the fairly common use of this bleak motif, Gothic writers have also used supernatural elements, touches of romance, well-known historical characters, and travel and adventure narratives to entertain their readers. The type is a subgenre of Romantic literature- thats Romantic the period, not romance novels with breathless lovers with wind-swept hair on their paperback covers- and much fiction today stems from it. Development of the Genre Gothic literature developed during the Romantic period in Britain; the first mention of Gothic, as pertaining to literature, was in the subtitle of Horace Walpoles 1765 story The Castle of Otranto: A Gothic Story which, the British Library says, was meant by the author as a subtle joke. When he used the word it meant something like ‘barbarous,’ as well as ‘deriving from the Middle Ages.’ In the book, its purported that the story was an ancient one, then recently discovered. But thats just part of the tale. The supernatural elements in the story, though, launched a whole new genre, which took off in Europe. Then Americas Edgar Allen Poe got a hold of it in the mid-1800s and succeeded like no one else. In Gothic literature, he found a place to explore psychological trauma, the evils of man, and mental illness. Any modern-day zombie story, detective story, or Stephen King novel owes a debt to Poe. There may have been successful Gothic writers before and after him, but no one perfected the genre quite like Poe. Major Gothic Writers A few of the most influential and popular 18th-century Gothic writers were Horace Walpole (The Castle of Otranto, 1765), Ann Radcliffe (Mysteries of Udolpho, 1794), Matthew Lewis  (The Monk,  1796), and Charles Brockden Brown (Wieland, 1798). The genre continued to command a large readership well into the 19th century, first as Romantic authors such as Sir Walter Scott (â€Å"The Tapestried Chamber, 1829) adopted Gothic conventions, then later as Victorian writers such as Robert Louis Stevenson (The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 1886) and Bram Stoker (Dracula, 1897) incorporated Gothic motifs in their stories of horror and suspense. Elements of Gothic fiction are prevalent in several of the acknowledged classics of 19th-century literature, including Mary Shelleys Frankenstein (1818), Nathaniel Hawthornes The House of the Seven Gables (1851), Charlotte Brontà «s Jane Eyre (1847), Victor Hugos The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1831 in French), and many of the tales written by Edgar Allan Poe (â€Å"The Murders in the Rue Morgue,† 1841; The Tell-Tale Heart, 1843). Similarities With Gothic Architecture   There are important, though not always consistent, connections between Gothic literature and Gothic architecture. Gothic structures, with their abundant carvings, crevices, and shadows, can conjure an aura of mystery and darkness and often served as appropriate settings in Gothic literature for the mood conjured up there. Gothic writers tended to cultivate those emotional effects in their works, and some of the authors even dabbled in architecture. Horace Walpole also designed a whimsical, castle-like Gothic residence called Strawberry Hill. Influence on Todays Fiction Today, Gothic literature has been replaced by ghost and horror stories, detective fiction, suspense and thriller novels, and other contemporary forms that emphasize mystery, shock, and sensation. While each of these types is (at least loosely) indebted to Gothic fiction, the Gothic genre was also appropriated and reworked by novelists and poets who, on the whole, cannot be strictly classified as Gothic writers. In the novel Northanger Abbey, Jane Austen affectionately showcased the misconceptions and immaturities that could be produced by misreading Gothic literature. In experimental narratives such The Sound and the Fury and Absalom, Absalom! William Faulkner transplanted Gothic preoccupations- threatening mansions, family secrets, doomed romance- to the American South. And in his multigenerational chronicle One Hundred Years of Solitude, Gabriel Garcà ­a Mrquez constructs a violent, dreamlike narrative around a family house that takes on a dark life of its own.

The Effect of Education on Economics Growth Literature review - 1

The Effect of Education on Economics Growth - Literature review Example Education is seen to play a key role in the economic growth of a country. It is also of benefit to both the individual and the society. Education benefits the individual in that it presents him with more opportunities when it comes to employment. The individual is therefore able to enjoy a higher income than he would have if he did not have an education. Barro (2003 p1) most of the studies that have been done on the impact of education on the economy agree that the investment in education has a great impact on the economic development of a country. The studies also agree that the investment at all levels of education leads to greater economic growth and has benefits for both the individual and the society or the country. The studies have also been focused on the effect that the investment on education and the government policies have had on the economy. Woessman (2002 and 2003) proposes that most of the questions on the impact of education are based from the dimension of human capital needs. For the different countries in the world, both the developing and the developed countries, to achieve economic competitiveness they must invest in their education. Education should therefore be viewed as an investment to the economy. According to Conrad (2011, p278) education plays the essential part in a country’s economy. This is because it (education) supplies the human capital in the country. The investment that the government makes at the different levels of education is therefore dependent on the amount of investment that a government makes at the different levels of education(primary, secondary and tertiary). The human capital that is available at different countries has an impact on the economy of the country.

Environmental Footprint Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Environmental Footprint - Essay Example However, the presence of either infection threatened the existence of the other one, such that the presence of coliforms seemed to reduce high standard plate counts and vice versa. Findings showed major causes for this contamination to be the seepage of surface-water through weakened walls of private wells, aquifer pollution during cold weathers and the poor controls over microbial redevelopment through chlorination during summers. We recommend that there must be close surveillance and periodic or seasonal testing of water supplies, especially through private routes. Additionally, masses must be educated regarding potential risks of infections and precautionary measures that must be taken in order to mitigate possibilities of drinking water contamination. Introduction Drinking water is said to be contaminated if it exhibits concentration of 4 coliforms per 100 ml of water. Although, former researches have revealed that 90% of rural drinking water supplies are contaminated with colifo rms, much work needs to done in this area to resolve conclusions that are backed up by strong evidences (Stukel et al., pp. 571). Contamination of drinking water through coliform, Staphylococcus aureus and standard plate count bacteria has been a prime concern of regulatory authorities and public at large in recent years due to significant number of casualties in this regard. As a result, various studies have been conducted to address these concerns, including a popular experimentation study by Sandhu, whereby correlation of coliform bacteria with characteristics of supply source and pH strengths of water was tested (Sandhu et al., pp. 774). Another study was conducted by Whitsell and Hutchison, indicating most significant dangers linked with coliform-containing contaminated water supply to households (Whitsell & Hutchison, pp. 777). In a more recent research, the relationship between coliform contamination and rainfall was studied through experimentation, targeting drinking water s ystems of smaller communities (Stukel et al., pp. 571). Much experimentation has been done in this area in the past; however, most of them focused on municipal supplies of drinking water to address a greater risk since the majority of population use public water supply rather than private. Surprisingly, of the reported contamination cases and waterborne diseases to date, 69% of affected households were using private supplies (Lamka et al., pp. 734). This study is intended to highlight frequency and magnitude of contamination of drinking water raised from private wells and springs that reaches millions of households. It will also be aimed at verifying our initial thesis that drinking water contamination mainly stems from usage of untreated groundwater and poorly maintained private wells. The details of experimentation have been discussed in areas to follow. Materials and Methods Our experimentation was outdoors-based and the most difficult task was to locate an area that will be most favorable for our experimentation and capable of generating appropriate results on a timely basis. The land selected for our experiment contained rich and deep soils with weathered basalt bedrock lying beneath it. A sample of 78 households was selected neighboring around this study area. Majority of these

Three Paintings of the Baroque Period Essay Example for Free

Three Paintings of the Baroque Period Essay Three works of art—particularly painting—that was produced during the Baroque period of the 17th century, includes the painting of Alonso Cano (1652) entitled ‘The Dead Christ Supported by an Angel’; the work of art produced by Francisco de Zurbaran (1660) entitled ‘The Painter Before Christ Crucified’; as well as the painting done by Juan de Valdà ©s Leal (1661) entitled ‘Christ Bearing the Cross’.   The way they portrayed the suffering of Christ has something to do with their philosophy, as well as the nature of their environment. Main Body   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first painting done by Alonso Cano (1652) entitled ‘The Dead Christ Supported by an Angel’ portrays the spirit of Christ after His death on the Mount of Calvary.   This painting shows the spirit of Christ, sitting on a rock with his face down and an angel standing and supporting His shoulders.   The color of the sky tells that it is sunrise, and mountains are being shown with a road and a bush that are illuminated by the light.    On the ground, at the right side of His feet, is a basin of water, where light is also being reflected.   Expressing the Baroque style, this painting uses emotion as well as ambiguity, as Cano (1652) uses subtle and rounded forms, with harmonious colors that can also be described as subtle.   It uses ‘Tenebrism’, with dark colors and tones, and shades that can be described as obscure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second painting done by Francisco de Zurbaran (1660) entitled ‘The Painter Before Christ Crucified’ shows a painter who is standing right in front of the cross, looking upward, with an idealizing expression, at the face of Christ.   His right hand is on the middle front of his chest, and his left hand holds some kind of a red rose that is partly subdued in darkness.   With the black background, there is plainness, grace, as well as mystery in the way Zurbaran (1660) portrayed the two beings.    There is intensity and naturalism in the colors and shades that were used.   Although the picture appears to be realistic in form with a bit of parallelism in the lines and shapes, the two bodies glow in the dark, without much precision on where the light comes from.   The art uses Tenebrism, using dark shades and tones, and with obscure implications that form an emotional sense of a drama.   It shows both the excellence and imperfection of the human sight (Web Gallery of Art, n.d.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lastly, the painting entitled ‘Christ Bearing the Cross’ done by Juan de Valdà ©s Leal (1661) portrays Christ while carrying His cross.   With a dramatic representation of the event, a muscular man at His left whips Him down, while at the right side behind Him are the weeping women of Jerusalem.   In front of Him, at His left side, is a high priest standing and with an expression that is solemn and contented. At the back are two soldiers, rocks, and a tree—with a background that is dark, obscure, and gloomy.   The style is Baroque, as it uses dark colors, shades, and tones, with an obscure implication and a sense of drama attached to the painting.   However, it can also be an earlier representation of ‘Romanticism’ (Web Gallery of Art, n.d.), as it uses dynamic and impetuous forms, colors, and shades, with a touch of violence, energy, and the use of the asymmetry.     Colors used are dark and morose.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To define the painters’ form of art is to define the trends and their philosophies of art.   During the time of Cano (1652), his life in Andalusia, Spain brought him to the religious, Christian culture, where beliefs in Christ and the Bible made him express love and beauty by using shades and colors that dwell in harmony.   He expressed the suffering Christ in a scene that has already finished the tragic part of the death and the suffering. He dwelt more on the beauty of Christ by using smoother colors and forms, and a tranquil shade of light.   His expression of the need for harmony, smooth blending, beauty, and a naturalistic effect may have been due to the event that Andalusia was experiencing some migratory trends from the Muslim (Andalusian people, n.d.).   Having been witnessed personally how Muslims were forcibly expelled from their homeland, he rather focused on the serenity after the death and crucifixion of Christ†¦ especially that Christ Himself was expelled by His own people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As for Zurbaran (1660), he lived in Estremadura, Portugal, and learned to portray effects that are natural, austere, with certain simplicity and a grace that clearly revealed his emotions.   The purity that is shown in his paintings may have been a personal longing for peace and harmony especially that, at the time the painting was done, The Battle of the Lines was occurring between Spain and Portugal (Battle of the lines of Elvas, n.d.)   As seen in the painting, Zurabaran (1660) is seen to be alone with Christ.   The whole scene is covered in black†¦ probably to cover all evil and violence that were taking place within the area.   As he was experiencing an inner crisis (Web Gallery of Art, n.d.), which internally made him wish for a miracle and a blessing, he focused, rather, on Christ as the sole savior of the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lastly, when it comes to Valdà ©as Leal (1661), his being Spanish at a time when his country was becoming less and less powerful made way for expressions of pessimism, boldness, and vigor that made his painting dark, violent, and morose.   That time of Spain was full of wars, difficulties, and crisis; yet it was only the beginning of Spain’s exertion.   As a result, Valdà ©as Leal (1661) depicted the suffering of Christ at a time when His suffering is just starting to get worse†¦ and the cross is becoming heavier with each step.   Colors portray dark and gloomy shades and patterns that restate wars, conflicts, and violence of the age.   The weeping women in the painting show the middle class, who were usually the sufferers of the community.   The high priest, on the other hand, portrays the Church that did not really experience much of the difficulties.   Obscurity may be the effect of a confused emotion. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The portrayal of a painting has something to do with both the philosophy of the artist and the nature of the surrounding environment.   Despite the similarity of the theme, each painter has his or her own way of expressing the subject.   Based on what the painter would want to focus on, or how he or she would want to portray the event or emotion, philosophy and environment reflect the finished product that is solely unique, majestic, and from within. References Andalusian people.   Retrieved March 10, 2008, from the Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia database: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_people. Battle of the lines of Elvas.   (n.d.).   Retrieved March 10, 2008, from the Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia database: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lines_of_Elvas. Web Gallery of Art.   (n.d.).   Baroque painting: the golden age.   Retrieved March 10, 2008, from its official database: http://www.wga.hu/tours/spain/p_17.html.

Character Moral Deficiencies in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald

â€Å"All the world's a stage / And all the men and women merely players.† This quote from William Shakespeare compares the world to a stage and life to a play where men and women are just actors playing their role. This message is not so different from F. Scott Fitzgerald's in his novel, The Great Gatsby (1925). The wealthy characters in The Great Gatsby are Shakespeare’s players; and the Valley of Ashes is part of his stage, where the awful consequences of their moral deficiencies are played out. The Valley of Ashes is a desolate area of land which is covered by ashes dumped by industrial companies; it is described as a â€Å"fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat† (Fitzgerald 24). Beneath the ashes, George and Myrtle Wilson make their meager living by running a gas station next to a billboard advertising an oculist business in Queens. This billboard has two eyes looking out over the Valley of Ashes, seemingly watching and judging the characters who pass t hrough. Here in the Valley of Ashes, the stage is set on which the superficial and material-driven characters can display their selfishness. Furthermore, the effects of their immorality are exemplified as well. Fitzgerald develops the symbol of the Valley of Ashes to strengthen the thematic idea of the effects of utter corruption and selfishness in The Great Gatsby; this can be expressed through the scandalous affair of Tom Buchanan and Myrtle Wilson, the tragic murder of Myrtle Wilson, and George Wilson's pronounced rage. Tom Buchanan, Daisy’s immensely wealthy husband, has no moral reservations about his own extramarital affair with Myrtle who lives in the Valley of Ashes. The affair begins from an innocent train ride, but Tom's own lack of moral standards contribute to the ... ...by the mind—they do not possess any inherent meaning; rather, people invest them with meaning. Fitzgerald uses the symbol of the Valley of Ashes to further analyze the thematic idea of corruption and selfishness in The Great Gatsby. Multiple events occur in the Valley of Ashes throughout the novel, three of which exemplify Fitzgerald's theme very well: the amoral affair of Tom Buchanan and Myrtle Wilson, the murder of Myrtle Wilson, and George Wilson's manifested rage. Work Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Scribner, 2013. Print. Character Moral Deficiencies in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald â€Å"All the world's a stage / And all the men and women merely players.† This quote from William Shakespeare compares the world to a stage and life to a play where men and women are just actors playing their role. This message is not so different from F. Scott Fitzgerald's in his novel, The Great Gatsby (1925). The wealthy characters in The Great Gatsby are Shakespeare’s players; and the Valley of Ashes is part of his stage, where the awful consequences of their moral deficiencies are played out. The Valley of Ashes is a desolate area of land which is covered by ashes dumped by industrial companies; it is described as a â€Å"fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat† (Fitzgerald 24). Beneath the ashes, George and Myrtle Wilson make their meager living by running a gas station next to a billboard advertising an oculist business in Queens. This billboard has two eyes looking out over the Valley of Ashes, seemingly watching and judging the characters who pass t hrough. Here in the Valley of Ashes, the stage is set on which the superficial and material-driven characters can display their selfishness. Furthermore, the effects of their immorality are exemplified as well. Fitzgerald develops the symbol of the Valley of Ashes to strengthen the thematic idea of the effects of utter corruption and selfishness in The Great Gatsby; this can be expressed through the scandalous affair of Tom Buchanan and Myrtle Wilson, the tragic murder of Myrtle Wilson, and George Wilson's pronounced rage. Tom Buchanan, Daisy’s immensely wealthy husband, has no moral reservations about his own extramarital affair with Myrtle who lives in the Valley of Ashes. The affair begins from an innocent train ride, but Tom's own lack of moral standards contribute to the ... ...by the mind—they do not possess any inherent meaning; rather, people invest them with meaning. Fitzgerald uses the symbol of the Valley of Ashes to further analyze the thematic idea of corruption and selfishness in The Great Gatsby. Multiple events occur in the Valley of Ashes throughout the novel, three of which exemplify Fitzgerald's theme very well: the amoral affair of Tom Buchanan and Myrtle Wilson, the murder of Myrtle Wilson, and George Wilson's manifested rage. Work Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Scribner, 2013. Print.

Different Types Of Play Essay

1. The materials used in play, what the benefits are and examples. Creative play is when children use their imagination and artistic skills to create what they want whilst doing activities such as painting, drawing, sticking, cutting and play dough. The materials that are used in this play are colouring pencils, scissors, glue, paper, crayons, stamps, aprons, feathers and paints. Creative play helps develop math skills because when they are sticking they are seeing a variety of different shapes and sizes and get a basic understanding of this. When children are being creative they are using and developing their fine motor skills, they are doing this by participating in activities such as painting, cutting and drawing. Children are expressing themselves in creative play using materials other than words and they can work together and socialise in the activities this will help build relationships with other children. Pretend play is what kids do to learn about their world and understand how to interact with the people and things that are in it. Children are being imaginative and act out what their parents do for example they play kitchen and mums and dads. This is an understanding of the world and everyday life. The materials that are used in this play are dressing up, plastic food, play kitchens, doll houses and push chairs. Children can express their feelings through pretend play because they may act out something that has happened to them before. It’s also an opportunity to talk to children about feelings and emotions. When children are pretend playing they are making up stories of their own for example they play ‘schools/ teachers’ and make up what’s going to happen. Children are developing their language skills through this and also their social skills because they will be playing with other children and sharing ideas of their own. Children are learning and developing how to problem solve because they all might want to be the teacher but they can’t so they will need to work out how they are going to do this. Physical play is any activity that you do when your body is involved with movement. The materials that are used in this play are bikes, skipping ro pes, footballs, hopping, hopscotch and apparatus. Physical activity helps develop children’s health and growth development. When children physical play they are improving their physical skills and it provides children with feelings of accomplishment, positive self-esteem and a sense of power and freedom. Children are improving their  gross motor skills because physical play involves coordination, jumping, running and balancing, anything to do with their feet and legs. Manipulative play is a play that involves children building and fitting things together. This play helps children develop their fine motor skills and hand co-ordination. It helps children become more confident in using different objects and equipment they will use as they get older. The materials that are used in this play are building blocks, puzzles and Lego/ Duplo. Children become increasingly skilful with their hands, and it also encourages them to think about their actions, plan them, and learn through trial-and-error. Manipulative play also helps childre n to learn the most suitable ways of performing certain actions. Discovery play is allowing children to learn about the world and how it works. Children grow in self-confidence and to experiment and investigate new things, to form new relationships and to develop as individuals. Discovery play is for children to explore, investigate and make sense of the world around them. They can feel the changes in the weather, discover the natural world and move and develop their physical strength. 3. Questions You have been asked to work with a group of children to make paper hats for a party. What type of play is this? This is creative play. How can you make sure that each child makes a hat in their own way? To make sure that each child makes a hat in their own way you could talk to them and help gather their own ideas to put them on their hat. Encourage the children to do it how they want to and not what everyone else is doing. What equipment and materials would you need? The equipment and materials that you need are glue, aprons, stickers, glitter, feathers, sequins, scissors, colouring pencils, cello tape and stapler. Can you describe what pretend play is? Pretend plays are children being imaginative and make believing. What are the different forms of pretend play? The different forms of pretend play are role play, domestic play, fantasy play, imaginative play, super hero play and socio dramatic play. What equipment or items can be used in pretend play? The equipment that can be used in pretend play is play kitchens, tea sets, and dress up, plastic food, card board boxes, books, dolls house, doctors set, plastic babies, teddies, plastic phones, apparatus and cutlery. How can pretend play fit in with the Early Years Curriculum? Pretend play fits in with the Early Years Curriculum by doing a theme. Within my placement my class had monsters week and children had to dress up as monsters at the end of the week. What are the benefits of physical play? The benefits of physical play are that children develop stronger immune systems and it improves focus and concentration. Physical play can promote problem solving skills and leadership skills. Children respond to their peers feelings while waiting for their turn and sharing their experiences, this helps develop their social and emotional development. Physical play contributes to children’s fine manipulative and gross motor development and body awareness as they use their bodies in activities. This helps their physical development. What type of equipment can be used for physical play and how can this help children develop? What age ranges this is suitable for? The type of equipment that can be used for physical play can be apparatus; this can help children develop their physical development. They are using their gross motor skills and fine motor skills because they are using their hands to grab and pull themselves up and they are using their feet to push themselves up, balance and climb over. The age ranges that are suitable for this would be 3-12 years old. What large pieces of equipment are there and which ones are particularly popular with the children? How do they use them? Within my placement they have slides, tunnels and tricycles in the playground. The tricycles and slides are the ones that are most popular with the children. The children that play with the tricycles they pretend that they are on motorbikes and make the sounds of it. Some children like to race with each other. Many skills are developed when riding a tricycle such as the ability of know when to slow down and speed up, pedal and steer. The slides, children learn to balance and build up their self-esteem. Children see slides as a challenge when they climb and they enjoy playing on it. What is manipulative play and can you give examples? Manipulative play is building and fitting things together. Examples; Lego Train set Puzzles Building blocks What are the benefits of manipulative play? The benefits of manipulative play are that children can work together, or on their own building blocks and this helps develop their social development. Children are developing their fine and gross motor skills, using their fingers to pick up the pieces. Also they are developing hand- eye coordination because if the child was doing a jigsaw they are looking where the puzzle piece may fit. Children are developing their language skills when playing with friends. When children have completed their activity such as a train set they will sense achievement because they completed it on their own, they may even set themselves a goal and do something a bit harder. What equipment can be used in manipulative play, what are the benefits and age ranges? Duplo can be used in manipulative play, the benefits of this are that children can gain confidence because there is no right way in playing with this equipment. Children are using hand-eye coordination and their fine manipulative skills. The suitab le age for this is 18 months- 5 years old. What is discovery play and can you give me some examples? Discovery play is playing that helps children learn and explore new things and how to use and play with them. Examples; Sand and water pit Farm yards Plasticine and play dough Cars What materials can be used to encourage discovery play? Buttons Pebbles Pasta Different coloured paper Rice How could children combine play? Children can combine play by putting toys with another. Examples; Sand pit with dinosaurs. Water with boats, plastic sea creatures or cups. Playing with the Play dough in the kitchen, making things, pretend food. Case study questions 1. How is this type of language helping Ayse develop her language? It helps develop Ayses language because it encourages to communicate with other children when she is around them. 2. What other skills is Ayse learning?  She is using her fine manipulative skills, sensory and thinking skills. 3. Why is it important that the child minder is ready to join in and support this type of play? It’s important that the child minder is ready to join in and support this type of play because it will give Ayse ideas on what to use to pretend feed her teddy. The child minder can make sure that Ayse is safe when playing and is calm. 4. What is treasure basket play and Heuristic play? Treasure basket play is a play that babies use, it’s a basket that has a variety of toys in that are suitable for the child to play with. The baby can choose what they want to play with and it gives them a chance to explore the different toys inside the basket. They can touch, shake, licking, banging and dropping. The materials that are used in this play are corks, shells, string, sponges, leather wallet and metal scoop. Heuristic play is a play that children use who are mobile and have moved on from treasure basket play. It encourages children to explore through the use of children’s senses. The types of things that are put out for the child to explore would be everyday objects. Children do anything to find out what they can and can’t do with the objects that they have been given, they will put things together or put them on top of each other. The materials that are used for this play are cork, plastic bracelets, pompoms, pegs and different sized bottles. The role of the adult is to show what the children need to do because they aren’t going to know what to do with the things in the basket. Showing the children what to do gives them ideas on what else they might be able to do with it. Children love to explore with the different objects.  When the children are playing the adult shouldn’t interfere and just supervise them because they want to explore on their own, only interfere if children need your help. You should have objects that babies can put in their mouth because that’s the first thing babies will do with whatever they have in front of them, it’s how they feel the object. Babies can only grip objects, they aren’t able to feel with their hands properly which is why they put the objects in their mouth.